Alpha decay Beta decay Henri Bequerel Pierre and Marie Curie.

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Presentation transcript:

Alpha decay

Beta decay

Henri Bequerel

Pierre and Marie Curie

electron n

W. Pauli -NEUTRINO- “ I invented a new Particle, which Will never be Seen! “

electron

Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen !

1956: discovery of the neutrino Savannah river reactor

(Fred Reines – Clyde Cowan)

n-capture by cadmium

Fermi interaction f Enrico Fermi

direct interaction ~ four fermions p n electron antineutrino beta decay

Parity conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions

C. N. Yang T. D. Lee

Chien-Shiung Wu Experiment Columbia University

lefthanded fermion S= - 1/2 righthanded fermion S = + 1/2

weak interactions current-current interaction weak currents => lefthanded Feynman / Gell-Mann Marshak / Sudarshan

R. Marshak G. Sudarshan

maximal breaking of parity

weak bosons high mass mass generation ?

electro-magnetism

electroweak gauge theory gauge group SU(2) x U(1) doublet singlet

doublet singlet => neutrinos massless

Z => neutral current

Gargamelle bubble chamber

1975 => three different neutrinos

Standard - Theory

III II I

??? weak bosons ???

SPS proton-antiproton collider

1984 Discovery of weak bosons

The first Z-boson, decaying into an electron and a positron

Carlo Rubbia

LEP

Masses of weak bosons ??????????

rotation symmetry

symmetry of rotation broken (spontaneous symmetry breaking)

spontaneous symmetry breaking field theory

Peter Higgs Erwin Schrödinger

Kibble Guralnik Hagen Englert Brout

Discovery of „Higgs“-particle ? ? ?

L3 I ATLAS CMS LHCb Alice

H

M(H) = 125,36 ±0,37(stat.) ±0,18 (syst.) GeV

one W or Z must be virtual, since M(H) < 2 M(W,Z)

flavor mixing quarks

83

( u d s )( u u d ) s  u

Nicola Cabibbo 1963

strangeness changing term not observed in the experiments (decay of K-mesons) !!!

GIM – mechanism ( Glashow, Iliopoulos, Maiani ) c: charmed quark 1970

III II I

SU(2,L) x U(1) SU(2,L) x sU(2,R) x U(1)

III II I

6 leptons – 6 quarks 3 doublets

flavormixing

weak transitions

observed CKM – matrix (no phasees)

New parametrization:

flavor mixing Leptons

6 leptons

massive neutrinos

flavormixing

Neutrino oscillations

observation

neutrino masses ( eV )

eV 0.05 eV

??????????????? neutrino masses very small ???????????????

Neutrinoless Double Beta decay

Majorana neutrino mass: < 0.23 eV

Beyond Standard Theory ??????????

? Grand Unification ? ? Gravity ? ? Supersymmetry ? ? String Theory ? ?…………………?