Lock Them UP1 Museums of Madness ???? I’m gonna’ talk about History Culture and Power in mental health from western european perspective, I’m no expert - draw on Michel Foucault, Andrew T Scull and John Read demonstrate similarities between struggle on prisons and struggle around insanity

Lock Them UP2 Middle Ages + Renaissance Madness linked to death and murder Expelled from cities and left wander Christian charity parishes

Lock Them UP – 1800: The Great Confinement time economic uncertainty across western europe – high unemployment, low wages, poverty, etc. Uprisings against monarchy Shift in attitude and need for social control Hopital General, Paris = 1656 – not just mad people, but the homeless, poor, sex workers, robbers, old and sick

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7 Idleness being reason to round people up, working became a treatment – along with chains, bleedings, purging Over time, differentiation of populations to prisons, psychiatric asylums and workhouses or poorhouses Madness becomes object of science towards end 18 th century 1650 – 1800: The Great Confinement

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Lock Them UP ’s: Moral Treatment and Reform Parliamentary committees uncovered significant abuses of those in mad houses Mad house proprietors and the medical profession advocated institutions 1800’s saw the birth of a reform movement – Pinel (unchained the insane) and Tuke (moral treatment - no lash required)

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Lock Them UP s: Reform Triumphs The reformers won – asylums for all, not just the rich! Nice asylums with external visitors Battle for medical control of the asylum Madness becomes mental illness, only treatable by doctors Startling increase in size and number of asylums and population of inmates 1844 = rate of 10 per 100,000 and 1890 = 26 p/100k; 1827 = 9 asylums, 116 ppl avg and 1890 = 66 asylums 802 ppl avg.

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Lock Them UP18 The Invention of Schizophrenia 20 th century medicine Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler – “grandfathers” of modern psychiatry Research supported by Rockefeller Foundation

Lock Them UP19 John Read + history of madness 1.Social control in the interests of the powerful 2.Invasive, damaging and/or violent “treatments” or “rehabilitation” 3.Experts generate theories that camouflage what is actually happening

Lock Them UP20 Punishment or Treatment: Wot’s the Diff? Foucault suggests an insoluble conflict between two models in our judiciary system: between whether to judge wrong-doing in accordance with the law, or to diagnose abnormality within the framework of a medical model. This in part explains why its so easy to have prisons overflowing with people who might otherwise be deferred to treatment: And why we need question if treatment is better than punishment – indeed if there is any difference?

Lock Them UP21 POWER Read the Nine Lives Story punishment masquerading as treatment POWER = not a thing but a relation (you don’t hold it) Power is dynamic, fluid and circulates – not one source Power is productive + constructive, repressive + controlling Whenever power is exercised there is resistance We are never powerless, and we are never given power, we take it, we exert power, we exercise it