Neal Turner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Protostellar Disks: Birth, Life and Death National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The Life of Protostellar Disks 1.Jets and Winds 2.Basic disk properties 3.Angular momentum transport 4.Evolution of the solids National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Hartigan et al / Antoniucci et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

McKee & Ostriker 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Pyo et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Zinnecker et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Takami et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Burrows et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

C. Lada 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Girart et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Tamura et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

T. Ray et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Johns-Krull 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Ferreira et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Spruit 1996 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Anderson et al Size of the Launching Region? Jet power= Rate of work done against the magnetic torque = (Footpoint orbital frequency) x (Angular momentum flux): Infer launching region lies 0.3 to 4 AU from the star. Assumes energy and momentum conserved along streamlines. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Y. Kato 2004 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Nakamura & Li 2007 Outflow-Driven Turbulence 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Outflow-Driven Turbulence 2 Cloud kinetic energy v T 2 dissipates on a crossing time R/v T, so the outflows can provide the stirring if With R=10 pc, v T =10 km s -1, f=0.01, v J =300 km s -1 and jet mass flow rate Solar masses per year, the outflows are sufficient to power the turbulence. i.e., if the outflow kinetic luminosity is greater than the dissipation rate in the gas associated with the star. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Basic Disk Properties National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Hartmann & Kenyon 1996 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

M. Simon et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Andrews & Williams 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Andrews & Williams 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Origins of the Surface Density Profile In steady-state Shakura-Sunyaev  -disk, if irradiation controls the temperature profile. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Weidenschilling 1977 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dullemond et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dullemond et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dullemond et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Bergin et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

K. R. Bell et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Hartmann et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Angular Momentum Transport National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1. Gravitational Instability National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1. Gravitational Instability National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Small disturbances grow if National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Gammie 2001 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Gammie 2001 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Mejia et al With slower cooling, instability leads to sustained accretion. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Balbus & Hawley Magneto-Rotational Turbulence National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Balbus & Hawley Magneto-Rotational Turbulence National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Gammie 1996 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Three Ways to Lose Magnetic Flux National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Ionization Processes Stellar X-Rays Interstellar Cosmic Rays Long-Lived Radionuclides At 1 AU in the minimum mass Solar nebula Midplane ionisation is weak! Short-Lived Radionuclides National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Wardle 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Sano & Stone 2002b MRI turbulence requires National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1  m Grains National Aeronautics and Space Administration

No Grains National Aeronautics and Space Administration

H. Li et al P National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lodato & Clarke 2004 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Evolution of the Solids National Aeronautics and Space Administration

van Boekel et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

van Boekel et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

TEM image of a thin- sectioned Wild 2 grain consisting of enstatite with exsolution lamellae of diopside, formed from a melt (H. Leroux) National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Natta et al Resolved Unresolved National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Furlan et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dahm & Hillenbrand 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Dullemond & Dominik 2004 Settling is rapid in a laminar disk National Aeronautics and Space Administration

A Rough Estimate of Grain Growth Timescales Particles settle at the terminal speed, with the force of gravity balancing the force of the gas molecules striking from below: Particles remain compact spheres. Particles grow by sweeping up smaller, stationary grains: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Settling Only National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Settling & Sweeping National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Particle growth: extreme cases BPCA Ballistic Particle-Cluster Agglomeration ⇓ ballistic hit-and-stick impacts of single dust particles into growing dust agglomerate BCCA Ballistic Cluster-Cluster Agglomeration ⇓ ballistic hit-and-stick collisions between equal-mass dust agglomerates i = 1,024 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=2 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=4 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=8 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=16 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=32 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=64 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=128 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=256 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=512 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BPCA N=1024 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=2 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=4 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=8 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=16 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=32 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=64 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=128 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=256 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=512 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

BCCA N=1024 From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Radial Drift Hot, Dense Cold, Less Dense National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Radial Drift Hot, Dense Cold, Less Dense National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Radial Drift Hot, Dense Cold, Less Dense Grain v=v K National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Weidenschilling & Cuzzi AU in MMSN National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Non-fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Cratering/ Fragmentation Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking + Compaction Cratering/Fragmen- tation/Accretion Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking + Compaction Fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Restructuring/ Compaction Fragmentation  »0   «0 EXPERIMENTSEXPERIMENTS Bouncing Non-fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Cratering/Fragmen- tation/Accretion Cratering/ Fragmentation Erosion ACOMPILATIONACOMPILATION From J. Blum National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Diameter 1 µm 100 m 100 µm 1 cm 1 m 1 µm100 m100 µm1 cm1 m Non-fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Erosion Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking + Compaction Cratering/Fragmen- tation/Accretion Cratering/ Fragmentation Fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Restructuring/ Compaction Bouncing Fragmentation  »0   «0 Erosion Non-fractal Aggregate Growth (Hit-and-Stick) Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking + Compaction Cratering/Fragmen- tation/Accretion Cratering/ Fragmentation Mass loss Mass conservation Mass gain * * * * * for compact targets only Blum & Wurm 2008 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Barranco 2008 Stirring by Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Stirring by Magneto-Rotational Turbulence Turner et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Stirring by 2-Stream Instability Johansen et al National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The Life of Protostellar Disks 1.Jets and Winds 2.Basic disk properties 3.Angular momentum transport 4.Evolution of the solids National Aeronautics and Space Administration