Introduction to AI CS470 – Fall 2003. Outline What is AI? A Brief History State of the art Course Outline Administrivia.

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to AI CS470 – Fall 2003

Outline What is AI? A Brief History State of the art Course Outline Administrivia

What is AI?

Other textbook definitions… AI is an effort to make computers think... machines with minds AI is automation of activities we associate with human thinking, such as decision-making, problem solving, learning AI is the art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people AI is the study of how to make computers do things at which people are, so far, better AI study of mental faculties through use of computational models AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act AI is the design of intelligent agents AI is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts Intelligent behavior Humans Computer

AI Characterizations Discipline that systematizes and automates intellectual tasks to create machines that: Think like humansThink rationally Act like humansAct rationally

Act Like Humans AI is the art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by humans Methodology: Take an intellectual task at which people are better and make a computer do it Turing test Prove a theorem Play chess Plan a surgical operation Diagnose a disease Navigate in a building

Turing Test Human imitation test Loebner contestLoebner contest: Modern version of Turing Test, held annually, with a $100,000 prize. Participants include a set of humans and a set of computers and a set of judges. Scoring: Rank from least human to most human. Highest median rank wins $2000. If better than a human, win $100,000. (Nobody yet…) Problem: Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, or amenable to mathematical analysis

Eliza ELIZA: A program that simulated a psychotherapist interacting with a patient Coded at MIT during by Joel Weizenbaum. First script was DOCTOR. The script was a simple collection of syntactic patterns not unlike regular expressions Each pattern had an associated reply which might include bits of the input (after simple transformations (my  your) Weizenbaum was shocked at reactions: Psychiatrists thought it had potential. People unequivocally anthropomorphized. Many thought it solved the NL problem. Try typing Meta-x doctor in Emacs.

Colby’s PARRY Kenneth Colby modeled a paranoid using the same techniques circa PARRY has basic emotions. If it gets angry, its replies become more hostile. In a Turing test, expert psychiatrists were unable to distinguish PARRY’s ramblings from those of real paranoids. H: Good afternoon. My name is Doctor Jones. P: Pleased to meet you. H: How are you? P: All right I guess. H: Could you tell me your name? P: Pat Smith. H: I though you might have some problems. P: I've been upset lately. H: By what? P: People get on my nerves sometimes. H: Tell me more. P: Do you know anything about bookies?... H: Good afternoon. My name is Doctor Jones. P: Pleased to meet you. H: How are you? P: All right I guess. H: Could you tell me your name? P: Pat Smith. H: I though you might have some problems. P: I've been upset lately. H: By what? P: People get on my nerves sometimes. H: Tell me more. P: Do you know anything about bookies?...

Parry meets Eliza… P: I don't understand your motives. E: Why don't you understand my motives? P: Shouldn't I be? E: Why do you say that just now? P: That's just the way it is. E: Suppose that's the way it were not. P: So? E: I am not sure I understand you fully. P: You harp on the same questions too much. E: What does that similarity suggest to you? P: I don't get you. E: Do you wish that you did get I? P: I don't understand your motives. E: Why don't you understand my motives? P: Shouldn't I be? E: Why do you say that just now? P: That's just the way it is. E: Suppose that's the way it were not. P: So? E: I am not sure I understand you fully. P: You harp on the same questions too much. E: What does that similarity suggest to you? P: I don't get you. E: Do you wish that you did get I?

Chess Name: Gary Kasparov Title: World Chess Champion Crime: Valued greed over common sense Humans are still better at making up excuses. © Jonathan Schaeffer

Perspective on Chess: Pro “Saying Deep Blue doesn’t really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings” Drew McDermott © Jonathan Schaeffer

Perspective on Chess: Con “Chess is the Drosophila of artificial intelligence. However, computer chess has developed much as genetics might have if the geneticists had concentrated their efforts starting in 1910 on breeding racing Drosophila. We would have some science, but mainly we would have very fast fruit flies.” John McCarthy © Jonathan Schaeffer

Think Like Humans How the computer performs functions does matter Comparison of the traces of the reasoning steps Cognitive science  testable theories of the workings of the human mind Connection with Psychology General Problem Solver (Newell and Simon) Neural networks Reinforcement learning But: Role of physical body, senses, and evolution in human intelligence? Do we want to duplicate human imperfections?

Think/Act Rationally Always make the best decision given what is available (knowledge, time, resources) Perfect knowledge, unlimited resources  logical reasoning Imperfect knowledge, limited resources  (limited) rationality Connection to economics, operational research, and control theory But ignores role of consciousness, emotions, fear of dying on intelligence

Quiz Does a plane fly? Does a boat swim? Does a computer think?

AI Prehistory Philosophylogic, methods of reasoning mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Mathematicsformal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability probability Psychologyadaptation phenomena of perception and motor control experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.) Economicsformal theory of rational decisions Linguisticsknowledge representation grammar Neuroscienceplastic physical substrate for mental activity Control theoryhomeostatic systems, stability simple optimal agent designs

Bits of History 1956: The name “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John McCarthy. (Would “computational rationality” have been better?) Early period (50’s to late 60’s): Basic principles and generality General problem solving Theorem proving Games Formal calculus

Bits of History : Shakey the robot (Fikes, Hart, Nilsson) Logic-based planning (STRIPS) Motion planning (visibility graph) Inductive learning (PLANEX) Computer vision

Bits of History Knowledge-is-Power period (late 60’s to mid 80’s): Focus on narrow tasks require expertise Encoding of expertise in rule form: If: the car has off-highway tires and 4-wheel drive and high ground clearance Then: the car can traverse difficult terrain (0.8) Knowledge engineering 5 th generation computer project CYC system (Lenat)

Bits of History AI becomes an industry (80’s – present): Expert systems: Digital Equipment, Teknowledge, Intellicorp, Du Pont, oil industry, … Lisp machines: LMI, Symbolics, … Constraint programming: ILOG Robotics: Machine Intelligence Corporation, Adept, GMF (Fanuc), ABB, … Speech understanding Information Retrieval – Google, …

Bits of History The return of neural networks, genetic algorithms, and artificial life (80’s – present) Increased connection with economics, operational research, and control theory (90’s – present)

State of the Art Which of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennis Drive along a curving mountain road Drive in the center of Cairo Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web Play a decent game of bridge Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem Write an intentionally funny story Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time Perform a complex surgical operation

Predictions and Reality … (1/3) In the 60’s, a famous AI professor from MIT said: “At the end of the summer, we will have developed an electronic eye” As of 2002, there is still no general computer vision system capable of understanding complex dynamic scenes But computer systems routinely perform road traffic monitoring, facial recognition, some medical image analysis, part inspection, etc…

Predictions and Reality … (2/3) In 1958, Herbert Simon (CMU) predicted that within 10 years a computer would be Chess champion This prediction became true in 1998 Today, computers have won over world champions in several games, including Checkers, Othello, and Chess, but still do not do well in Go

Predictions and Reality … (3/3) In the 70’s, many believed that computer-controlled robots would soon be everywhere from manufacturing plants to home Today, some industries (automobile, electronics) are highly robotized, but home robots are still a thing of the future But robots have rolled on Mars, others are performing brain and heart surgery, and humanoid robots are operational and available for rent (see:

Why is AI Hard? Simple syntactic manipulation is not enough Machine Translation Big project in 1957 following Sputnik launch Translation of Russian documents ‘The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak’ ‘The vodka is strong but the meat is rotten’

Why is AI Hard? Computational intractibility AI goal defined before notion of NP-completeness people thought to solve larger problems we simply need larger/faster computers didn’t understand the notion of exponential growth

Why AI today? Cognitive Science: As a way to understand how natural minds and mental phenomena work e.g., visual perception, memory, learning, language, etc. Philosophy: As a way to explore some basic and interesting (and important) philosophical questions e.g., the mind body problem, what is consciousness, etc. Engineering: To get machines to do a wider variety of useful things e.g., understand spoken natural language, recognize individual people in visual scenes, find the best travel plan for your vacation, etc.

CS 470 We will focus on the rational agents (“engineering”) paradigm Make computers act more intelligently techniques: search, supervised learning, constraint satisfaction, decision theory tasks: perception, commonsense reasoning, planning

Rational Agents An agent is an entity that perceives and acts Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions  : P*→A For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable ; so: design best program for given machine resources

Syllabus Representing knowledge Reasoning or using knowledge Learning or Acquiring knowledge Problem solving: Search Constraint satisfaction Logic and Inference Planning Dealing with Uncertainty Adversarial search Deciding under probabilistic uncertainty Belief networks Supervised learning