Clinical Case Presentation Building Blocks of Life Amino Acid Metabolism Building Blocks of Life Amino Acid Metabolism

Template for CCP Chief Complaint (CC) History of Chief Complaint (HCC) Medications (M) Social History (SH) Family History (FH) Dental History (DH) Medical History (MH) Review of Systems (RS) Diagnosis -Risk Assessment (DRA) Differential Diagnosis (DD) Treatment (Tx) Prognosis (PR) Chief Complaint (CC) History of Chief Complaint (HCC) Medications (M) Social History (SH) Family History (FH) Dental History (DH) Medical History (MH) Review of Systems (RS) Diagnosis -Risk Assessment (DRA) Differential Diagnosis (DD) Treatment (Tx) Prognosis (PR)

Objective of Clinical Case Presentations Integrate basic science and clinical concepts Teach critical thinking Active learning Help improve student performance on Board Part II Integrate basic science and clinical concepts Teach critical thinking Active learning Help improve student performance on Board Part II

Proposed Format of These Presentations A case from admission clinic/made up Patient examination format Student participation Cases to be included in exam Cases kept on web-site/DVD A case from admission clinic/made up Patient examination format Student participation Cases to be included in exam Cases kept on web-site/DVD

Test at the end of this presentation!

Patient 35 year old male Chief Complaint (CC) Bad breath History of Chief Complaint (HCC) Bad breath - was told by the neighbor and noticed the behavior of co-workers for the past 5 years Medications No medication

Social History (SH) Smoking 15 cigarette/day, for 15 years, daily 2 cups of coffee; likes spicy food Family History (FH) Father suffers of chronic bronchitis, mother has insulin independent diabetes mellitus, 2 children, age 7 and 3. Dental History (DH) Last dental work 2 years ago. Diagnosed with Fissured Tongue (Lingua Plicata, or Scrotal Tongue). Poor oral hygiene Medical History (MH) Exercises regularly. No known allergies. High blood pressure, calcium channel blocker (Nifedipine)

Review of Systems (RS) Cardiovascular – Blood Pressure, 145/90. Pulse 70. Respiratory – Rate 16/min. Breathing through his mouth. Due to a septum deviation, caused by a car accident that broke his nose and jaw. Nervous – Calm demeanor, balanced person. No history of depression or other disorder. No pain or numbness in any major cranial or spinal nerve. Endocrine and renal – WNL Gastrointestinal – Hyperacidity, treated with Tagamet Skin and mucosa – Color and texture of skin and mucosa WNL. No persistent lesions or moles Osteoarticular – Fracture of the jaw 5 years ago due to a car accident. The left body of the mandible was fractured along with the right subcondylar area. Treated surgically.

Diagnosis and Risk Assessment Are any of the condition in the medical and social history connected to halitosis? 1.Fracture of the jaw? 2.Fracture of the nasal septum? 3.Mouth breathing? 4.Cardiovascular (HBP)? 5.GI problems (gastric hyperacidity)? 6.Diet? 7.Smoking, coffee? 8.Fissured tongue? 9.Oral hygiene? 1.Fracture of the jaw? 2.Fracture of the nasal septum? 3.Mouth breathing? 4.Cardiovascular (HBP)? 5.GI problems (gastric hyperacidity)? 6.Diet? 7.Smoking, coffee? 8.Fissured tongue? 9.Oral hygiene?

Proteolysis: Proteins Steps in Malodor Formation Amino acids Odoriferous volatile and tissue harming products Aminolysis: Amino acids

Oral Pathogens Causing Halitosis Fusobacterium nucleatum Veionella alcalescens Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia Prevotella loeschii Treponema denticola Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram Negative Anaerobes are trapped Bacterial Growth Protein Substrate Salivary and tissue proteins Bacterial enzymes Amino Acids Cys-Cys, Cys, Met, Ser, Trp, Orn Enzymatic degradation Volatile sulfur and other objectionable compounds H 2 S, CH 3 SH, (CH 3 ) 2 S, indole, skatole Bacterial metabolism Tissue Permeability Collagen breakdown Delayed Wound Healing Volatile Sulphur Compounds affects Inflammation

Protein Substrate The Mechanism of Malodor Formation Methionine Homocysteine  -ketobutyrate CH 3 SH Cystathionine H 2 S NH 3 Homoserine Serine Cysteine Cystine H2SH2S thiocysteine H2SH2S NH 3 pyruvate acetic acid propionate Tryptophan Indole, Skatole

Components of Bad Breath “The Oral Bouquet” Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) Methyl mercaptan (CH 3 SH) Dimethyl sulfide and Dimethyl disulfide Indole, Skatole, Cadaverine, Putrescine Volatile fatty acids Amines

The source of the odor? Saliva supernatant No odor Odor Strong odor Saliva sediment Saliva super + sediment

What conditions or factors favor halitosis? Discuss it with your partner first. Poor oral hygiene Periodontitis Oral infections/ulcerations Oral cancer Mouth breathing Xerostomia Retronasal drip Retentive tongue: Fissured tongue, Geographic tongue, Median rhomboid glossitis, Black hairy tongue Food impaction/Faulty restorations Diet, smoking, coffee Poor oral hygiene Periodontitis Oral infections/ulcerations Oral cancer Mouth breathing Xerostomia Retronasal drip Retentive tongue: Fissured tongue, Geographic tongue, Median rhomboid glossitis, Black hairy tongue Food impaction/Faulty restorations Diet, smoking, coffee

Diagnosis of Halitosis Organoleptic Halimeter Microbiological Gas Chromatography/Flame Photometric Detection Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Differential Diagnosis Oral causes (90-95%) Gastrointestinal system  Dietary Respiratory system Metabolic  Trimethylaminuria (TMAU)  Diabetes  Uremia

Excellent Treatment and Prognosis Prognosis Etiologic and symptomatic treatment Maintenance of Proper Oral Hygiene Elimination of Inflammation and periodontal treatment (if necessary) Treat nasal septum deviation, adenoids, mouth breathing, xerostomia Change dietary habits Removal of faulty restoration Tongue brushing or scraping, flossing Mouthwashes containing zinc chloride Maintenance of Proper Oral Hygiene Elimination of Inflammation and periodontal treatment (if necessary) Treat nasal septum deviation, adenoids, mouth breathing, xerostomia Change dietary habits Removal of faulty restoration Tongue brushing or scraping, flossing Mouthwashes containing zinc chloride

Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy Organoleptic measurement Halimeter Microbiological assays Cysteine challenge

Answer the following What amino acids are the source of the odor? What is the pathogenesis of halitosis? What five major factors maintain halitosis? What are the differential diagnoses of halitosis? What are the five main steps to treat/avoid halitosis? What amino acids are the source of the odor? What is the pathogenesis of halitosis? What five major factors maintain halitosis? What are the differential diagnoses of halitosis? What are the five main steps to treat/avoid halitosis?

Bad breath is better than no breath at all L.Z.G. Touyz Thank You