Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 1 Electric Vehicles: outlook and policy actions needed Jacques de Selliers, Ir Managing Director Going-Electric, Association for Electric Vehicles in Europe tel: Former importer of REVA electric cars in Belgium.

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 2 Electric Vehicles: Key considerations EVs = 3 technologies of electrically powered vehicle: 1.Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) (= pure electric vehicles), 2.Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs) (= Series Plug-in Hybrids), 3.Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs, fuelled by hydrogen). By far, they are the most sustainable car technologies: Nearly petrol-free, no urban pollution, 30% less primary energy, less CO2… 80% of cars mileage = short trips, slow speed, 1 occupant:  Small/ultra-small BEVs are ideal for this usage…  EREVs are fine for long trips – and FCVs even better!  BEV & EREV technologies are mature enough to fill all car markets. But they are temporarily expensive. What is missing for EVs to spread is: 1.The right initial incentives from public authorities (first priority = non-financial), 2.The right c harging infrastructure (first priority is where EV drivers live), 3.Attractive EV models (which will only arrive after 1. & 2.).

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 3 EV Sustainability versus ICV EVs (BEVs, EREVs & FCVs) are MUCH cleaner than ICVs. Compared to ICVs of same power and weight: 1.EVs use about 30% less primary energy –An electric car charged with petrol/biofuel-generated electricity uses about 30% less petrol/biofuel than an ICV... 2.EVs cause 25% less CO 2 with the Chinese electricity mix –Even less CO 2 as electricity generation gets cleaner (which is happening). –70% less CO2 in the EU – Nearly zero CO 2 in Norway, Sweden, France... –Same CO 2 in the worse case (coal fired power plants). 3.EVs are silent and cause zero urban pollution –It is easier to reduce pollution from a few power plants than from millions of cars. –Reducing urban pollution saves health and building cleaning costs. 4.EVs reduce energy dependency –Over 50% of world’s petrol is used in road transport. –Electricity generation uses a variety of energies (including renewable) and little petrol. 5.EVs have a sustainable life cycle –Vehicle environmental impact: 25% = manufacturing + recycling, 75% = usage –EVs, batteries and fuel cells are very recyclable.

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 4 Micro-BEVs are the urban future! Lumeneo Smera (car) 98 cm wide, 1+1 p, 100 km, 110 km/h The fastest city car in the world! REVA (quadricycle) 132 cm wide, 2+2 p, 60 km, 80 km/h Perfect micro family-car for the city! Fast in traffic and easy to park  objectively ideal for commuting & city-driving Minimal consumption & emissions  very environmentally friendly Minimal congestion of traffic and parking  very city-friendly Governments should especially promote micro-EVs!

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 5 EV (BEV, EREV & FCV): car sales predictions Because: High production volumes and rising petrol prices will make cost of EV ownership advantageous. Cities will restrain petrol vehicles  health and building renovation costs...

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 6 The two key policy actions needed 1.EVs are temporarily more expensive than ICVs  Purchase incentives are initially needed 1.Financial incentives: expensive to states 2.Non-financial incentives: most effective! 2.EVs need to charge – two different needs: 1.At or near home: daily low power charging at night. 2.In transit places: occasional high power recharging.

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 7 Norway’s most effective incentives Saving time & hassles is invaluable to drivers!  In congested cities: –EV access to priority lanes –Free unlimited parking for EVs –Parking spots reserved for EVs –No odd/even plate restrictions –Free freeway tolls & congestion charge Successful EV introduction at no cost!

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 8 Two different charging needs Key considerations: –No one will buy an EV if he can’t charge it at/near home –80% daily trips < 60km  need << 15 kWh/day –BEVs are NOT for very long trips (  EREVs and/or FCVs) –Charging at night is better for the electrical network.  Implications on charging needs –Night charging at/near home is essential 2-3 kW charging is usually enough  domestic plug –Public charging in transit places is needed: Against range anxiety: low/medium power is enough For exceptional longer trips: high power charging (motorways).

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 9 Other policy actions needed Other governmental actions needed for EV leadership: –Stimulate investments in EV and parts production plants, –Enable large scale fuel cell demonstration projects, –Promote Micro-EV development and commercialisation, –Stimulate training in EV related skills (electronics, chemistry…), –Abandon regulations forcing car manufacturers to invest in petrol vehicles improvements.

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 10 Electric Vehicles: Conclusions EVs are the future, whether we want it or not. Petrol light vehicles will become obsolete in 2 or 3 decades. Governments must promote EVs with the right actions if they want their car industry to survive.

Going-Electric Printed on 11 May 2015 EV outlook and policy actions needed Page 11 Thank you !