Useful Products from Organic Sources ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

How coal formed Millions of years ago trees died and fell to the bottom of swamps. Over time they became covered by mud and rock. …the trees became fossilized, forming coal. Over millions of years, due to high temperatures and pressure…

How oil and natural gas formed

Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Crude oil Crude oil is a mixture. It contains hundreds of different compounds. Some are small but most are large. Nearly all of these compounds contain carbon and hydrogen only. They are called hydrocarbons. Also some other compounds contain small amounts of N and S. Why? Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

How oil and natural gas formed Q1 Explain why oil contains carbon and hydrogen. Q2 Explain where the energy in oil originated.

The importance of oil The hydrocarbons in crude oil are essential to our way of life We use them as fuels for most forms of transport. We also use them as raw materials from which a HUGE range of useful everyday substances are made .. Such as…………..make a list!

Making oil useful Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a VERY wide range of sizes. Crude oil itself has no uses because its properties are not definite. To make crude oil into useful substances we have to separate the mixture into molecules of similar size. This is done in an oil refinery in a process called fractional distillation. The physical property used to separate the fractions is boiling point.

Fractional Distillation

Fractional Distillation Can you predict and explain where the fractions are obtained from the fractionating tower? cool hot Fuel gas Petroleum Fraction Boiling Range (oC) Kerosene 150 - 240 Diesel 220 – 275 Petrol 40 - 175 Bitumen >350 Fuel gas Below 40 Lubricating oil 250-350 Kerosene Diesel Lub. Oil Bitumen

Fractional Distillation Why do these fractions condense over a boiling range? cool hot Fuel gas Fraction Boiling Range (oC) Fuel gas Below 40 Petrol 40 - 175 Kerosene 150 - 240 Diesel 220 – 275 Lubricating oil 250-350 Bitumen >350 Petroleum Kerosene Diesel Lub. Oil Bitumen

Uses of each fraction Fuel gas Petrol / gasoline Naphtha Paraffin / Burned in the refinery to fuel the distillation process, sold as LPG, purified and sold as bottled camping gas Fuel gas Petrol / gasoline Fuel for cars and motorcycles, also used to make chemicals. Naphtha Used to make chemicals used everwhere. Paraffin / Kerosine Fuel for greenhouse heaters and jet engines, manufacture of chemicals. Diesel fuel Fuel for lorries, trains. Fuel and lubricating oil Fuel for the heating systems of large buildings, fuel for ships, lubricating oil. Bitumen Roofing, and road surfaces.

Why are the fractions useful?

Similarities between crude oil and its fractions: Differences between crude oil and its fractions:

The boiling points of molecules In general, the bigger the molecule the higher the boiling point. No. Carbon atoms   B.Pt (oC)

Fraction Boiling Range (oC) Number of carbons 1-5 5-10 9-14 13-17 Here are the boiling ranges of some fractions obtained from distillation of petroleum. Using the previous graph, estimate the size range of the molecules present in each fraction. Fraction Boiling Range (oC) Number of carbons Fuel gas Below 40 Petrol 40 - 175 Kerosine 150 - 240 Diesel 220 - 275 1-5 5-10 9-14 13-17

What is crude oil? Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules. (Why is this not good?) Small molecules Big molecules Medium molecules

Which is a correct statement about crude oil? A mixture of carbohydrates. Formed by the decay of dead sea creatures. Consist of a mixture of very large molecules. Is purified in an oil rig.

Which is a correct statement about fractional distillation? Oil is separated into fractions with the same size molecule. Oil is separated into fractions with the same density. Oil is separated into fractions with similar size molecules. Oil is separated into alkanes and alkenes.

Which is a correct order for these fractions working down from the top of the column? Fuel gas, kerosene, petrol, diesel, bitumen. Fuel gas, diesel, kerosene, petrol, bitumen. Fuel gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, bitumen. Fuel gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel, bitumen.