LPG Vehicle Introducing LPG Vehicle which is ecological and complies with variety of resources Yasuo Nakahara Toyota Motor Corporation 10 January 2001

Agenda (1)Safety of LPG vehicles (2)Introducing the LPG-taxi in Hong Kong (3)Comparison on Performance of LPG vehicle and others (CNG, Petrol & Diesel) (4)Future Consideration

(1) Safety of LPG vehicles

UIO of LPG vehicles around the world The situation of how LPG vehicles are used worldwide n Government Project: Success & expansion in HK and Australia

UIO of LPG-taxi in Japan Approx. 260,000 units are recorded ・ From 1905~No explosion accidents reported ・ From 1990~No accidents in fire reported

Outline of LPG Engine System Safety Device of LPG Engine System Although the ignition switch is turned on in case of starter is off and engine revolution is under 15r.p.m, the Solenoid Valves do not open and LPG is not supplied to the engine. It is confirmed at our collision test that LPG Regular is located on safety area.

Safety Device (I) Charging Valve A safety valve is fitted inside the charging valve and will discharge gas out to atmosphere when internal pressure of the LPG tank exceeds the specification level. (20-24kg/cm 2 ) Overflow Protector Valve (Outlet Valve) This device is fitted inside the Outlet valve which allows flow of LPG gas from the LPG tank to engine. Overcharge Protector Valve Overcharge protector valve is fitted inside the LPG tank to prevent LPG gas from being overcharged and limits filling the tank up to 85% of tank capacity. In case of the pressure in the LPG tank increases due to abnormal heat, etc, the safety valve releases the pressure by discharging gas out and cools down the LPG tank by evaporation. Therefore, the safety valve will be discharging gas out intermittently in order to control the pressure and prevent damage of LPG tank. In case the fuel pipe to the engine is broken, the overflow protector valve will immediately shut off the outflow of LPG gas. In case of a pressure in the LPG tank increase, the expansion volume (15%) will absorb any increasing pressure by liquid expansion and prevent damage of LPG tank

Charging Valve (Gray Color) This valve will open when refilling of fuel. In case of the pressure in the LPG tank increases abnormally safety valve will discharges gas. 1

Outlet Valve (Red Color) This valve take out gas to engine and ordinary full-open. The overflow protector valve is fitted at the tip (inside the LPG tank) of this valve. In case fuel pipe to the engine is broken in an accident, etc, fuel flow will be shut off by this device to prevent leaking gas. In case of fire hazard, close this valve, and keep away from the vehicle. 2

Overcharge Protector Valve When the fuel is filled up to 85% the valve will prevent LPG to being overcharge. 3

LPG Tank Semi- Container Outside the vehicle Charging Valve Outlet Valve

Safety Device (II) Emergency Shut-Off valve This device will shut off the fuel flow from the LPG tank, when the engine is stopped (does not run) This valve operates according to ON  OFF signal from engine control computer that is output when engine run is down under 15r.p.m and also the LPG manual switch located on the instrument panel/driver side. Solenoid Valve This device will shut off fuel flow into LPG regular. Function and operation is same as emergency shut-off valve. (above(4)) When engine is OFF (dose not run) or in case of engine stop by abnormal condition (ex.engine stall etc.). LPG gas supply to the engine will be shut off by this device. Note: This device can be forced “OFF” (Shut off) by switching the LPG manual switch to the neutral position. This safety device is to prevent LPG gas leaking out during engine OFF (does not run) or the engine stops due to abnormal condition (ex. engine stall, engine stop by accident (etc.,) by shutting off fuel supply to engine. In addition the driver can turn the fuel supply off by switching the LPG manual switch to neutral position

(2) Introducing LPG-taxi in Hong Kong

How we introduced LPG-taxi in Hong Kong tank Change of Inlet Valve from Japanese type to Australian type n Addition of Non-return Valve

(3) Comparison on performance of LPG vehicle and others

1: Volume of Emission is large/Poor engine performance/High cost 2: Volume of Emission is larger/Engine performance is not good/Higher cost 3: Volume of Emission is smaller/Good engine performance/Lower cost 4: Volume of Emission is small/Great engine performance/Low cost Comparison on Performance n Comparison of CNG, LPG, Petrol, and Diesel Vehicles n Comparison on emission, fuel consumption, Maintenance cost and usefulness Type of Fuel Petrol Diesel ＣＯ ＣＯ ＨＣ PM Engine performance 2 → 3 (w/MPI) 3 → 4 (w/MPI) 4 4 Cost NO x CNG LPG

Logic of Emission of CO 2 Type of Fuel Petrol LPG Molecular Structure Petrol=100 C8H18 C4H10 CH G-CO2/kcal CNG

Operating Cost n Case study of Hong Kong(Nov.,1997→Nov.,1998) DieselLPGFuel Consumption HK$/km km/Litre Price of LPG ： $2.01 Diesel ： $6.71 Price of LPG ： $2.01 Diesel ： $6.71 Most of the maintenance items of LPG taxi were the same as that of diesel taxi and their repair costs were comparable.

Special Design for Hong Kong More Legroom Handle of luggage is easier Get on and off is easier

Comparison of CNG and LPG at 10-15mode fuel consumption at same tank volume at 200kg/cm(CNG ） CNGLPG １ /3 １ Price of LPG in Japan is ￥５５／ Liter and CNG is ￥８０／ Liter equivalent gasoline Driving range Engine Power １１＊１＊ Fuel tank (steel ） Weight Air pressure of tank Heavy 200 Medium 5~8 Reliability ex/ friction in engine valve seat High ＊ Low reported ＊ There are only 5,000 units CNG- taxi in Japan. Remarks LPG 96 Liter ： 40kg CNG 168 Liter ： 131kg Bigger and heavier tank is needed to maintain the same cruising range ＊ 0.9 when only fuel is substituted

(4) Future Consideration of LPG Vehicles

Future consideration of LPG vehicles To make the fuel control system to electronic controlled carburetor ↓ Injection Control System to Inlet Valve (MPI) ・ Capable of controlling fuel precisely (Comply with reinforce in the regulation of emission) ・ Lower the suction resistance by using carburetor To make the fuel control system to electronic controlled carburetor ↓ Injection Control System to Inlet Valve (MPI) ・ Capable of controlling fuel precisely (Comply with reinforce in the regulation of emission) ・ Lower the suction resistance by using carburetor To have the similar output and emission as petrol vehicle

Conclusion n LPG vehicles are safe, their emission is small and their cost is low n Highly reliable as a taxi-cab n Highly recommend to introduce our LPG-taxi in Singapore