7: Atomic and Nuclear Physics 7.3 Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

7: Atomic and Nuclear Physics 7.3 Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion.

Advertisements

20th Century Discoveries

Nuclear Physics Lesson 13

Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Sections 32-1 – 32-9 Physics 1161: Lecture 33.

Nuclear Reactions: AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION Farley Visitors Center.

Section 2Nuclear Changes Nuclear Forces 〉 What holds the nuclei of atoms together? 〉 The stability of a nucleus depends on the nuclear forces that hold.

1 Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Fission and Fusion Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Transmutation (Objective 25

Nuclear Chemistry Bravo – 15,000 kilotons. CA Standards.

Atomic Energy 3U Physics. Mass-Energy Equivalence All matter is a form of stored energy.

Nuclear Physics Selected Topics 5 –Fission and Fusion.

A nucleus is more than just mass

Physics Nuclear Physics: Binding Energy Science and Mathematics Education Research Group Supported by UBC Teaching and Learning Enhancement Fund

Nuclear Reactions: AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION Farley Visitors Center.

Unit 2 – The Atom Nuclear Chemistry Fusion and Fission.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Nuclear Fission & Fusion. History: Hahn & Strassman (1939) Bombarded Uranium-235 samples with neutrons expecting the Uranium-235 to capture neutrons Instead,

Isotopes Mass Defect E = mc2

Nuclear Chemistry.

IB Assessment Statements, Topic 7.3  Nuclear Reactions Describe and give an example of an artificial (induced) transmutation Construct and.

Nuclear Chemistry.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9 Nuclear.

General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.1 Chapter 4 Nuclear Chemistry 4.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion.

Unit 8 Section 2: Nuclear Reactions

Section 2Nuclear Changes Section 2: Nuclear Fission and Fusion Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Nuclear Forces Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction Nuclear Fusion.

Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Reactions involve the nucleus of atoms When a nuclear reaction occurs, the element is changed completely into another element.

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

Unit 2 – The Atom Nuclear Chemistry Fusion and Fission.

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Rāhoroi, 22 Paenga-whāwhā, 2017Rāhoroi, 22 Paenga-whāwhā, 2017

© J Parkinson 1 2 Mass Defect The difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts is called the mass defect (  m). Careful.

Atomic Stability. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. Cu Copper – 63 OR Copper.

Topic – Physics 2a Mass defect and binding energy Prior learning Atomic structure Electrical forces Key words –Atomic nucleus,mass difference, mass of.

Nuclear fusion and Radioactivity PDP Physics Image:

Atomic Structure ATOMS IONS ISOTOPES Differ by number of protons

Unit 12 – Nuclear Chemistry. Part II Key Terms Alpha decay – spontaneous decay of a nucleus that emits a helium nucleus and energy Beta decay – spontaneous.

Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes-Review ► Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons or mass. X Atomic.

Chemistry 140 Chapter 10 “Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes ”

Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. An atom is referred to as a nuclide. An atom is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Nuclear Fission is the process by which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more nuclei and some by- products.

Fission and Fusion. Atomic Fission Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus such as U-235 splits into two smaller nuclei. Nuclear fission occurs.

Nuclear Physics.

7.2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Nuclear Fission Why are some elements radioactive? There is an optimal ratio of neutrons to protons 1 : 1 for smaller.

Review Videos-Radioactivity Review Videos-Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces.

Mass-Energy Equivalence All matter is a form of stored energy.

Nuclear Reactions: FISSION & FUSION ã Nuclear reactions deal with interactions between the nuclei of atoms ã Both fission and fusion processes deal with.

Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Nuclear Reactions: AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION Farley Visitors Center.

Unit 3: Part 2 of the Atom Nuclear Chemistry I. The Nucleus (p. 701 – 704 in Class Modern Chemistry Text) I. The Nucleus (p. 701 – 704 in Class Modern.

Section 2Nuclear Changes Section 2: Nuclear Fission and Fusion Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Nuclear Forces Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction Nuclear Fusion.

1© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd Energy release in fission and fusion Nuclear binding energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion.

Fission and Fusion are both nuclear reactions that involve the particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Nuclear Reactions Nuclear reactions deal with interactions between the nuclei of atoms Both fission and fusion processes deal.

Fission and Fusion Physics 12 Adv. Nuclear Particles As we discussed, the nuclear particles are composed of quarks; the individual particles are the result.

AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION

NUCLEAR FISSION A process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into

AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION

Nuclear Chemistry (Topic for Regents exam, SAT II exam and AP exam)

NUCLEAR FISSION gamma rays High speed ‘fission’ Nuclear fission

Aim # 47: How can we obtain energy from the nucleus of an atom?

Unit 3: Part 2 of the Atom Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation

Harnessing the Power of the Sun

Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25.

Harnessing the Power of the Sun

Bell Work: Radioactivity

AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION

Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation

AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION

Presentation transcript:

7: Atomic and Nuclear Physics 7.3 Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion

Nuclear reactions Einstein’s Mass-Energy Relation Q1. When 1kg of petrol is burned, 5 x 10 7 Joules of energy is released. What mass would this represent ? E = mc 2 E = Energy (Joules) m = Mass defect (kg) c = speed of light (3 x10 8 ms -2 )

Atomic mass units Nuclear masses are expressed in atomic mass units: Q2. If the loss in mass during a reaction is 1u determine the energy released in Joules then convert it into electron-volts (eV). This should show that... One atomic mass unit (1u) is equal to 1/12 th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. 1u = 1.66 x kg 1u = MeV

Q3. When 1kg of Uranium-235 undergoes fission, 8 x J of energy is released. What is the decrease in mass in... a. Kilogramsb. Atomic mass units

Binding Energy This is defined as... Mass (kg)Mass (u) Proton1.673 x Neutron1.675 x Electron9.110 x the work done in separating a nucleus into its constituent parts.

Example Estimate the binding energy of the helium nucleus (mass of Helium nucleus = u). i. Find the mass of the constituents of the nucleus... ii. Find the mass defect in u and convert to kg... iii.Calculate the energy equivalent in Joules and in MeV... iv. Often the binding energy per nucleon is more informative...

Transmutation Transmutation is the conversion of one chemical isotope into another by a nuclear reaction. Beta decay is an example of natural transmutation. Artificial transmutation may occur if you bombard a nucleus with another particle, such as a neutron… E.g. Q. What particle is represented by X in this example of artificial transmutation? N + n → C + p

Sub Title text

Fission If a heavy nucleus such as Uranium-235 absorbs an extra neutron, it becomes unstable and splits into two lighter nuclei. The total binding energy of both of these fragments is greater than that of the original uranium nucleus. The difference in energy is released. The energy is released as kinetic energy of the fission products. n U Ba Kr n n γ

Fusion When two light nuclei such as Hydrogen or Deuterium are forced to combine forming a new, heavier nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon increases. The difference in binding energy between the reactants and the fusion products is again released. n H 2 1 He 3 2 H 2 1

Fusion in Stars

Production of Plutonium In a nuclear reactor for a power station, uranium is often bombarded with neutrons to cause artificial transmutation. If the neutrons move too fast, they will not be absorbed (they pass straight through the nucleus). A moderator (e.g. graphite) is used to slow them down. One typical reaction in the reactor produces plutonium after a chain reaction: 1. Uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and turns into U U-239 decays by Beta emission to produce Neptunium Np-239 decays by Beta emission to produce Plutonium- 239 (Pu-239) Q. Write a nuclear equation for each of the changes above.

Production of Plutonium