Structure , Bonds and Molecules CARBON Structure , Bonds and Molecules

HYDROCARBONS Compounds that contain the elements HYDROGEN AND CARBON

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS As you add more carbon to the hydrocarbon, the molecule becomes heavier and properties change.

Uses methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 propane Name Molecular Formula Molecular Mass Melting Point (oC) Boiling Point (oC) State Density Uses methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas   natural gas (fuel) ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bottled gas (fuel) butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), cigarette lighters (fuel) pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626 petrol (fuel) hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 0.659 decane C10H22 142 -30 174 0.730 hexadecane C16H34 226 18.5 288 0.775 diesel fuel & heating oil eicosane C20H42 282 36 343 solid

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS How do we separate the different weights so we can use them? Fractional distillation. http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm VIDEO – REAL PLAYER

Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons How do we use MANY hydrocarbons? COMBUSTION Burning coal: C + O2  CO2 Burning natural gas: CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O Burning gasoline: 2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H20 Incomplete combustion creates CO (carbon monoxide) instead of CO2 2CH4 + 3O2  2CO + 4H2O

Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons ALL COMPLETE combustion creates CO2, which makes rain slightly acidic CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) BUT, often times fossil fuels contain NITROGEN AND SULFUR. When they are burned, they combine with water and create ACID RAIN. Combustion of gasoline creates NO2 NO2 + H2O  H2NO3 (Nitric acid) Combustion of coal creates SO3 SO3 + H2O  H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)

Carbon-based compounds OTHER USES OF CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS Polymers Carbon-based compounds

Polymers Carbon-based compounds TAKE A GUESS (INFER): How does JELLO (a powdery, carbon-based compound) become a solid? How does your body produce hair, muscle and skin? How can they make a solid plastic out of liquid petroleum, or rubber out of liquid sap?

MOLECULES OF LIFE We are all CBLF’s (carbon-based life forms) CARBON CAN FORM AN INCREDIBLE VARIETY OF MOLECULES!!!

BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES: A. MULTIPLE BONDS SINGLE BONDS: -ane DOUBLE BONDS: - ene TRIPLE BONDS: -yne

B. STRAIGHT OR BRANCHED CHAINS C. ISOMERS

D. RINGS - Aromatics Each corner represents a carbon atom. Ring size can vary from three to eight.

POLYMERS Polyethylene Carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains to form a variety of structures, including fossil fuels such as coal, synthetic polymers such as plastics, and the large molecules of life, such as proteins and lipids. Lipid Molecular structure of Coal

All of this allows Carbon to create: GIANT MOLECULES called POLYMERS 100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules joined together. Polymers ARE CHAINS OF Monomers joined together.

monomer polymer

POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of MONOMERS (individual cars of the train) joined together.

Polymers Polymerization: When carbon molecules combine into long chains. HOW: This happens when a carbon to carbon double bond in a monomer is broken and new single bonds are formed creating a polymer.                                                                                                                                                              http://www.tvo.org/iqm/plastic/animations.html#

Polymers Polymerization of polypropylene (propene).

Polymers Polymerization: (of polyethylene)

Polymers Polymerization: (of nylon)

Polymers Three main shapes of polymers are formed: STRAIGHT CHAINS (Linear) BRANCHED CHAINS CROSS-LINKED CHAINS

Polymers NOT ALL POLYMER FORMING REACTIONS CAN GO BY THEMSELVES. Catalyst: A chemical substance that STARTS or INCREASES the rate of a reaction without being used in the polymer. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/mechism/polvincl.htm

Polymers Catalyst: A chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.

Carbon Polymers - Review Polymers are carbon atoms bonded to one another in straight, branched or cross-linked chains 3 TYPES carbon-based compounds: fossil fuels, synthetic polymers, and biopolymers Polymers are formed through a process called polymerization Catalyst: STARTS or INCREASES the rate of the reaction without being used up

Carbon Polymers - Journal Define “polymer”. Define “monomer”. Name the 3 main types of carbon-based compounds and give an example of each Draw the structural formula for the monomer “ethylene” and part of the structural formula for the polymer “polyethylene” Define polymerization What is a “Catalyst”? (use your resources)

Carbon Polymers - Journal Write down the name, and some of the properties of the plastic on your desk. Quick draw an image of both the monomer and polymer of ethylene. Re-Read the Polymer Lab Sheet from the back of the room. Choose which test (tensile, abrasion, puncture) that you would want to run, and begin filling out the back of the sheet.