Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance, symmetry and conjugation

Effect of resonance, symmetry and conjugation on infrared frequencies What about the effect of conjugation? Do the facts support this interaction?

Carbonyl frequency: (acid)  1700 cm -1 Ether frequency = 1000 to 1400 cm -1  1200 cm -1 Average of the two fundamentals = 1450 cm -1

1410 cm cm -1 ( )/2 = 1485 cm -1

Figure IR-42. Sodium benzoate, KBr pellet: Resonance

Sodium benzoate: (1550, 1400 cm -1 ); Average : 1475 cm -1 Sodium acetate: (1560, 1410 cm-1 ); Average : 1485 cm-1

How important is resonance in amides?

In the barrier to rotation of the two CH 3 groups is approximately 18 kcal/mol (A C-C  bond is worth about 60 kcal/mol)

Other effects of conjugation on carbonyl frequencies Figure IR-45. Ethyl vinyl ketone, neat liquid: CH 3 CH 2 COCH=CH 2

Figure IR Nonen-2-one, 95%; neat liquid, thin film: Why the extra carbonyl peaks?

Factors affecting the intensities : Extent of interaction (dipole moment change) Concentration of each conformer

Effects of conjugation on double bonds

What’s this?

Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance and conjugation 2. Ring strain: A: on carbonyl frequencies

1720 cm cm cm -1 cyclopropanone 1800 cm -1

Table. The Effect of Ring Strain on the Carbonyl Frequencies of Some Cyclic Molecules Ring Size ketone: cm -1 lactone: cm -1 lactam: cm -1 3 cyclopropanone: cyclobutanone: 1775  -propiolactone: cyclopentanone: 1751  -butyrolactone: 1750  -butyrolactam: cyclohexanone: 1715  -valerolactone: 1740  -valerolactam: cycloheptanone: 1702  caprolactone: 1730  caprolactam: 1658

Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance and conjugation 2. Ring strain: A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies

What is the hybridization of a C-H bond in cyclopropane?

Based on acidity, C-H bonds are somewhere between sp 2 and sp 3 This is also confirmed by 13 C-H coupling constant as we will see

Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance and conjugation 2. Ring strain: A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies 3.Halogens A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies

Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance and conjugation 2. Ring strain: A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies 3.Halogens A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies 4.Chirality

Why the big differences between D-serine and DL-serine?

dl d d l

Some Examples of Conglomerates Asparagine Threonine Glutamic Acid Serine Anhydride N-Acetylproline

Factors affecting the frequency of infrared peaks 1. Resonance and conjugation 2. Ring strain: A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies 3.Halogens A: on carbonyl frequencies B. on C-H stretching frequencies 4.Chirality 5.Phase: solid, liquid and gas (fundamentals in the gas phase are shifted to higher frequencies) ie. solvent or solute interactions lead to weakening of force constants; effects of H-bonding.

Figure IR-25. The liquid and vapor spectra of phenol. Effects of H-bonding

Gas Phase FT-IR spectrum of 2,4-pentanedione, Aldrich Chemical Co.

Liquid film Effect of Phase

CCl 4 solution Effect of Phase

KBr Effect of Phase

cm -1 Effects of H-bonding

FT IR

ATR: attenuated total reflectance; when a beam of electromagnetic radiation is reflected off an object, it actually penetrates of the order of one wavelength. In IR, this is of the order of microns which is sufficient to obtain a spectrum of the material provided it is poly- dispersed. The depth of penetration is wavelength dependent, it is therefore necessary to compensate for this dependency.

Infrared spectrum of ATR and of the background CO 2 and H 2 O vapor.