Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
Photo from Penzien, 1964
Photo courtesy of Rebecca Teasley
Whitman (1971) Seed and Idriss (1971) Updated several times since 1971 “Simplified” Method
Normalized Tip Resistance, q c1N Cyclic Resistance Ratio, CRR Robertson & Wride (1998) Moss et al. (2006) Idriss & Boulanger (2008)
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
Photo from USGS, 2009
Photo from South Carolinian Library Archives, 2012
From Andrus et al., 2009
Measured to Estimated Shear Wave Velocity Ratio (Hayati and Andrus, 2009)
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
(from Hryciw, 1986)
CPT tip resistance, q c (MPa) Pre-Blast Range (7 tests) One Week Range (6 tests) Depth, z (m)
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
Blast site Paleo-liquefaction sites Photo courtesy of Mulzer Crushed Stone, Inc. Griffin, IN North
Clay Loose ~GWT Sand Dense Sand Loose Gravelly Sand 2m 1m 2m 5m 4m Lower Liquefiable Layer Upper Liquefiable Layer 0 m 2 m 4 m 6 m 8 m 10 m 12 m 14 m
Paleo-liquefaction feature
Tip resistance, q c (MPa) Depth, z (m) Pre-Blast Mean (7 tests) One Week Mean (6 tests)
Shear Wave Velocity, V s (m/sec) Depth, z (m) Pre-Blast V s Post-Blast V s
Jebba Dam, Jebba, Nigeria Explosive Compaction Projects in Aged Sand Deposits Douglas Lake, Michigan Harriet’s Bluff, Georgia Greeley, Colorado
Pre-Blast Tip Resistance (MPa) Post-Blast Tip Resistance (MPa) Strength Gain Factor Geologic Age (years before present) Griffin, IN ,000 Jebba, Nigeria (Mitchell and Solymar, 1984) ,000 Harriet’s Bluff, GA (Hryciw and Dowding, 1988) ,000 Greeley, CO (Charlie et al., 1992) ,000 Douglas Lake, MI (Thomann and Hryciw, 1992) ,000
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
Pre- Blast V s (m/sec) Post- Blast V s (m/sec) Predicted MEVR ± 1 σ Calculated MEVR Griffin, IN – Douglas Lake, MI (Thomann and Hryciw, 1992) –
Liquefaction Overview Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects Griffin, Indiana Comparison of Current Methods Conclusions Outline
Questions?
GRAVITY LOAD U=U hs BEFORE LIQUEFACTIONINITIAL LIQUEFACTION U=U hs +U xs = v
GRAVITY LOAD U=U hs POST LIQUEFACTION
LOOSE SATURATED SAND