Biotechnology The manipulation of living things to make products benefiting human beings.

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Presentation transcript:

Biotechnology The manipulation of living things to make products benefiting human beings.

Biotechnology Timeline the term was first used 1950’s - DNA discovered 1970’s – Today birth of the biotech industry transfer of genes between organisms stem cell research cloning

Industrial Uses of Biotechnology Waste Management Biomining DNA Chips

Biotechnology for Health Human Genome Project (HGP) Genetic Testing Human Gene Therapy Xenotransplantation

Cloning Medical Uses of Cloning Ethical Concerns

Biotechnology and Agriculture Genetically Engineered Crops Transgenic Animals and Plants Internationally Concerns with GM Foods

History of Agricultural Technology: From Domestication Through Today

What have you eaten today? Fruit Coffee/Tea Grains

Center of Origins North America Seeds 1. Sunflower 2. Acorns Fruits 1. Blueberries 2. Strawberries History of Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University

Center of Origins South America Root Tubers 1. Andean potato, Solanum andigenum (96 chromosomes) 2. Other endemic cultivated potato species. Grains and Legumes 1. Starchy maize, Zea mays amylacea 2. Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus (secondary center) 3. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (secondary center) Vegetable Crops 1. Pepino, Solanum muricatum 2. Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum 3. Pumpkin, Cucurbita maxima 4. Pepper, Capsicum frutescens History of Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University

Center of Origins India Cereals and Legumes 1. Rice, Oryza sativa 2. Chickpea or gram, Cicer arietinum 3. Pigeon pea, Cajanus indicus 4. Urd bean, Phaseolus mungo 5. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus 6. Rice bean, Phaseolus calcaratus 7. Cowpea, Vigna sinensis Vegetables and Tubers 1. Eggplant, Solanum melongena 2. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus 3. Radish, Raphanus caudatus (pods eaten) 4. Taro, Colocasia antiquorum 5. Yam, Dioscorea alata Fruits 1. Mango, Mangifera indica 2. Orange, Citrus sinensis 3. Tangerine, Citrus nobilis 4. Citron, Citrus medica 5. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica Sugar, Oil, and Fiber Plants 1. Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum 2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera 3. Sesame, Sesamum indicum 4. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius 5. Tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum 6. Oriental cotton, Gossypium nanking 7. Jute, Corchorus capsularis 8. Crotalaria, Crotalaria juncea 9. Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus Spices, Stimulants, Dyes, and Miscellaneous 1. Hemp, Cannabis indica 2. Black pepper, Piper nigrum 3. Gum arabic, Acacia arabica 4. Sandalwood, Santalum album 5. Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria 6. Cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanticum 7. Croton, Croton tiglium 8. Bamboo, Bambusa tulda History of Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University

Center of Origins Middle-East: Grains and Legumes 1. Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) 2. Durum wheat, Triticum durum (28 chromosomes) 3. Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum (28 chromosomes) 4. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare (42 chromosomes) 5. Oriental wheat, Triticum orientale 6. Persian wheat, Triticum persicum (28 chromosomes) 7. Triticum timopheevi (28 chromosomes) 8. Triticum macha (42 chromosomes) 9. Triticum vavilovianum, branched (42 chromosomes) 10. Two-row barley, Hordeum distichum, H. nutans 11. Rye, Secale cereale 12. Mediterranean oats, Avena byzantina 13. Common oats, Avena sativa 14. Lentil, Lens esculenta 15. Lupine, Lupinus pilosus, L. albus Forage Plants 1. Alfalfa, Medicago sativa 2. Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum 3. Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum 4. Vetch, Vicia sativa 5. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Fruits 1. Fig, Ficus carica 2. Pomegranate, Punica granatum 3. Apple, Malus pumilo (one of the centers) 4. Pear, Pyrus communis and others 5. Quince, Cydonia oblonga 6. Cherry, Prunus cerasus 7. Hawthorn, Crataegus azarolus History of Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University

The Value of Food A ratio that links the number of calories per obtained per serving to the amount of energy required in the production. Wheat Rice Corn Potato

Distribution of the global population How does this influence the population density's? North vs. South America Middle East vs. Europe Western vs. Eastern Hemisphere

History of food Transition from Hunter-gatherer to Agriculture specialization, population increases, culture, etc…. These early farmers unknowingly changed he plants they grew.

Agricultural Improvements Irrigation Domestication of animals. Plows Mechanization Diesel engine Fertilizer

Human Population Growth

Intended Consequences

Unintended Consequences Irish Potato Famine 2 million starved 2 million emigrated to the US Dust Bowl Deep soil tilling Residents migrated west

Modern Agriculture Organic vs. Conventional production Cost Environmental Concerns Regulation Popular

Modern Agriculture Gene Revolution -GM foods -patent laws Current Agricultural Practices -big seed companies -global market

Modern Agriculture Food miles Urbanization Food Security

Human Population Growth