 Howard B. Frost  University of California, Riverside

 Bred in 1915  First generation hybrid of King X Willow Leaf (China)  Other sister variety of same parents “Wilking”  Released as a variety in 1935

 The name KINNOW derived from the parents ◦ KIN from King ◦ OW from Willow & additional N as and Kinnow

  Planted in Horticulture Fruit Garden Sq.# 9, Punjab Agriculture and Research Institute Lyallpur, now UAF along with Feutrell’s early

Merits  Heavy bearer  Good fruit size  Deep orange color  Pleasant flavor  High TSS  Excellent adaptation Demerits Late ripening Alternate bearing Soft skin High number of seeds

Early Adaptation Studies (1950s) Management Research (1960s onwards) Nucellar Lines (Early 1970s) Breeding Programs (1990s onwards) S&T (2000+) Disease free citrus nursery production system ◦ Established first nursery model system ◦ Now >10 such systems are under development process

Foundation Block of Certified Citrus Plants

Container Grown Citrus Nursery Container grown Citrus nursery plants

 Characterization of Seeded VS seedless strains

PAK-US project on “Citrus Greening” (UC Riverside) ◦ Vector characterization ◦ Germplasm screening ◦ Biological Control of Vector

Asymmetric leaf mottle A)- Single leaf B)- A full flush A B

 ASLP Citrus project (Australia) ◦ Nursery Production ◦ Fruit thinning ◦ Top Working