Chapter 1 Introduction Historical background Five schools of behaviorism.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 1 Introduction Historical background Five schools of behaviorism

Defining Learning a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience. (behavior: any activity that can be either directly or indirectly observed)

Two Basic Types of Learning Classical conditioning Process by which an inborn, involuntary behavior is produced in new situations

Two Basic Types of Learning Operant conditioning Strengthening or weakening of a voluntary behavior because of its consequences Behavior (dog sits) Scolding Praise Nothing Behavior Increases or decreases Food Reinforcers

Skinner Box (Conditioning Box)

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

Historical Background Aristotle ( BC) Law of similarity Law of contrast Law of contiguity Law of frequency

Historical Background Descartes Mind-body dualism British empiricists Tabula rasa

Historical Background Structuralism Introspection Functionalism

von Osten’s goal: prove humans and animals have similar mental processes Clever Hans, the clever horse

Used experimental approach 2 groups of questioners Group 1 knew the answers Group 2 did not know the answers Hans only answered correctly when questioners knew the answers Clever Hans, the clever horse An Investigation

Conclusion: Hans was receiving some type of information from questioners Hans had been unintentionally conditioned by his owner Impact: Scientists more skeptical of mental processes in animals But… Provided proof that animals were capable of learning Clever Hans, the clever horse An Investigation

Historical Background Behaviorism Watson 1913: Watson declared war Dealt solely with observable behavior Rejected mentalistic concepts Goal: prediction and control of behavior 1924: Watsonian behaviorism preeminent in US Law of parsimony

Watson’s Life ( ) 1920: Scandal Affair with student Rosalie Rayner Watson forced to resign Moved into advertising

Five schools of behaviorism Watsonian behaviorism Neobehaviorism: Hull Intervening variables Cognitive Neobehaviorism: Tolman Cognitive map Latent learning Social Learning Theory: Bandura Reciprocal determinism Radical Behaviorism: Skinner