The Virtual Hospital: Procedure Simulators Increase Patient Safety &Training Efficiency Pat Youngblood, PhD Director of Evaluation SUMMIT - Stanford University Medical Media & Information Technologies Stanford University School of Medicine

LapSim Basic Skills camera & instrument navigation; coordination; grasping; lifting, grasping & transfer; cutting, clip applying; suturing; precision & speed

Hysteroscopy Trainer – 3rd generation system (2003) Tasks cannulation Skills advance (endoscope) through endocervical canal exploration (Visual & navigate, visualize endometrial cavity, Haptic) identify & palpate lesion resection (myoma) hold endoscope proximally, extend loop distally, contact lesion, activate diathermy, retract loop to excise: repeat – Metrics – % of the myoma resected – # perforations  mechanical  electrosurgical – time sec Metrics – % of the myoma resected – # perforations  mechanical  electrosurgical – time sec

Learning Radiology in Simulated Environments* Develop a computer simulator for radiography Determine how training in a “virtual” environment affects learning Terry S. Desser MD Parvati Dev PhD Pat Youngblood PhD Robert Cheng, MS Garry E. Gold MD, MSEE Jan Ahlqvist DDS, PhD Lars-Olof Häll Leif Hedman PhD Tor SöderströmPhD Magnus Johansson Tore Nilsson DDS *Sponsored by the

The Simulated Environment Designed as ceiling- mounted X-ray machine with point source of simulated X-rays “Detector” modeled as rectangular plane Virtual patient from real patient data

The Virtual Patient –High resolution CT dataset of cervical spine –FOV 25 cm; Slice thickness 2.5 mm –Surface reconstruction: Amira 4.0 –Display: Transparent torso, visible skeleton

Simulator in Action

Real-time computer simulation of radiography is feasible Can provide realistic practice for students without exposing patients or students to unnecessary radiation Future applications: GI radiology, angiography Conclusion: Virtual Radiography

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