Sentences have two parts SUBJECTPREDICATE Noun or Pronoun Verb Answers: Who or what? Answers: What about it? What makes a sentence?

Type 1: Draw a picture that depicts an independent person and a dependent person. OR List five differences between an independent person and a dependent person.

Grammar Lesson: Independent and Dependent Clauses.

Clause: a group of words with a subject and a predicate.

Unless it rains today Clause example #1

Although his zipper broke Clause example #2

When the teacher fainted Clause example #3

Wait a minute… Did you notice that each of those clauses left you hanging? Did you find yourself saying, “Yes, go on”? That’s the natural reaction because none of those clauses expresses a complete thought. They were all dependent clauses!

Dependent Clauses A clause that expresses an incomplete or partial thought. It is not a complete sentence; it can’t stand on its own. –Why? It depends on another group of words to express a complete thought.

unless it rains today. We are going on a picnic

Although his zipper broke, he wore the pants anyway.

When the teacher fainted, I called Mrs. Scheibe.

All of those added groups of words can stand on their own… –We are going on a picnic. –I called Mrs. Scheibe. –He wore them anyway. independent clausesThese are independent clauses !

Independent Clauses A clause that expresses a complete thought; it can stand on its own. Does NOT depend on another group of words to express a complete thought (hence the name independent).

What part is a dependent clause and an independent clause? 1.The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle. –The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle. 2.When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience. –When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience.

Conjunctions review A conjunction joins words or word groups.

There are 7 coordinating conjunctions: F or A nd N or B ut O r Y et S o Remember these conjunctions with the acronym: FANBOYS.

Simple Sentence -an independent clause Examples: Leslie will sing in the talent show. Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop. Aaron draws very well.

Simple Sentence A simple sentence may contain a compound subject, a compound predicate, or both. Examples: Leslie and Mark will sing in the talent show. Joe camped and hiked with his Boy Scout troop. Aaron and Susan draw and paint very well.

Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses -may be joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction Examples: Leslie will sing in the talent show, and we expect her to win first place. Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop, but they had to come home early. Aaron draws very well, so he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses -may be joined by a semicolon ( ; ) Examples: Leslie will sing in the talent show; we expect her to win first place. Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; he loves the outdoors. Aaron draws very well; he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Combine two simple sentences that are related to make a compound sentence. Add a conjunction between them, and replace the period of the first sentence with a comma. Peter plays tennis. He sings in the choir.  Peter plays tennis, and he sings in the choir. Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour. She got 100% on her test.  Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour, so she got 100% on her test. Wendy ran to catch the train. She got there too late.  Wendy ran to catch the train, but she got there too late. Stores in town were decorated. The holiday season was coming quickly.  Stores in town were decorated, for the holiday season was coming quickly. It rained hard last night. They still held the soccer game in the morning.  It rained hard last night, but they still held the soccer game in the morning. Sentence combining

A Sophisticated Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses -may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and comma Common Conjunctive Adverbs Alsoincidentallynext Anywayindeednonetheless Besidesinsteadotherwise Consequentlylikewisestill Finallymeanwhilethen Furthermoremoreovertherefore Howeverneverthelessthus

Proper Punctuation: How do you punctuate this compound sentence correctly? WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we will miss the start of the movie. CORRECT: We should leave early ; otherwise, we will miss the start of the movie. conjunctive adverb

A Sophisticated Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses -may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and comma Examples: Leslie will sing in the talent show; furthermore, we expect her to win first place. Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; consequently, he loves the outdoors. Aaron draws very well; therefore, he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Sentence combining Practice Sheet

Day 2… Go over Practice Sheet Review: Clause Independent clause Dependent clause Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Coordinating Conjunctions Conjunctive adverbs

Proper Punctuation: How do you punctuate this compound sentence correctly? WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we will miss the start of the movie. CORRECT: We should leave early ; otherwise, we will miss the start of the movie. conjunctive adverb

Let’s add on… subordinating conjunctionsDependent Clauses often begin with words like if, whether, since, when, etc. These are called subordinating conjunctions. What does the prefix sub- mean?

Common Subordinating Conjunctions: after although as as if as much as as though because before how if in order that provided since so that than that though unless until when whenever where wherever while

A Subordinating Conjunction… might be located in between the clauses it joins: –I gasped when I saw the headline. ICDC might be located at the beginning of a sentence: –When I saw the headline, I gasped. DCIC

Comma Rule: Subordinating conjunction + dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence = comma before the independent clause. Ex: When I saw the headline, I gasped. DC IC

Find the dependent and independent clause. Decide if a comma is needed. 1.While some scientists map the human genome others map the genes of worms. 2.After they had worked for about eight years scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes. 3.Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans.

Where would you put a comma? 1.While some scientists map the human genome, others map the genes of worms. 2.After they had worked for about eight years, scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes. 3.Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans. ( No comma needed because the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence.)

Based on your Persuasive Writing… –Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause + comma + Independent Clause –Independent Clause + “because” + Dependent Clause (no comma needed)

New: Complex sentences Independent clause + Dependent clause(s) = A complex sentence!! –Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause + comma + Independent Clause = A complex sentence –Independent Clause + “because” + Dependent Clause (no comma needed) = A complex sentence

IC Complex sentences DC We will go on the roller coaster while they ride the log flume. After you eat your cotton candy, we can meet by the carousel, which will be our last ride.

Complex Sentences Use these clauses to create three complex sentences. 1.although they made me dizzy 2.the freefall is her favorite one 3.when I finally screamed

Compound-Complex sentences 2 or more Independent clauses + Dependent clause(s) _____________________________ A compound-complex sentence!!

IC Compound-Complex DC Sentences We will go on the roller coaster while they ride the log flume, and mom will sit and watch. If you look to your left, you can see the carousel, and you will hear its pipe organ.

Compound-Complex sentences Practice sheet