12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Non-invasive Microwave Breast Cancer Detection - A Comparative Study Arezoo Modiri, Kamran Kiasaleh University of Texas at Dallas

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Why New modality for Breast Cancer Detection in Needed?

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Why Microwave-Based Diagnosis? Frequent checkups need in-vivo, inexpensive, non- invasive, and convenient methods with acceptable accuracy. X-Ray: - Ionizing, - High false negative detection rate (20%) - In many cases, Painful MRI: - Expensive - Not tolerable for some Women (e.g. implant cases) Ultrasound: - Operator-dependent - High false positive detection rate (The false-positive rate is three times of that of X-ray => unnecessary biopsy.)

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Why Microwave-Based Diagnosis? Microwave radiation is not ionizing and the heating effect is not harmful at low power levels (less than OSHA standard of 10 mW/sq. cm.) Penetration depth is acceptable for breast monitoring Microwave technology is mature; thus, manufacturing microwave devices is relatively easy & cost-effective The standard component size at microwave band has the potential of creating a handheld, portable device

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Are Any Other Research Groups Working On This Subject? Dr. Paul Meaney – DartMouth Dr. Susan Hagness – University of Wisconsin Dr. Elise Fear – University of Calgary Dr. Magda El-shenawee – University of Arkansas Dr. Sima Noghanian – University of North Dakota Dr. Natalia Nikolova – McMaster University Dr. John Stang – Duke University

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Other Studies Target Clinical Applications

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 This Study’s Ultimate Goal Portable, Self-Examine Tool which compensates for the defects of mammography by making check ups easier and more affordable for women and sending them to X- ray or MRI monitoring only when a signature is detected.

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB D Radiator Design The 3D radiator design was done in Ansoft HFSS The digital phantom created by Ansoft was used In order to have a full coverage of the tissue, hemisphere shape was chosen with 16 curled bent dipole antennas Design frequency was chosen to be 1.2GHz since this was the longest antenna we could fit inside our structure

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Resonance Performance of The Antennas 1.2 GHZ

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 The Two Versions of The Radiating Structure One without conductive cover One with a conductive cover added for Electromagnetic Shielding – Cause no interference – Accept no interference – Only the outer surface of the structure is covered by a conductive layer

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Different Tumor Cases Are Considered Different tumor shapes Different tumor sizes Different tumor locations

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Electric Field Changes Are Studied Both magnitude and phase contrasts are considered. Cancerous model is exactly same as the normal one except for having one of the tumors inside it

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 How Signatures Are Analyzed The signatures above a certain threshold are added up.

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Simulation Results for Two Tumor Cases

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Specific Absorption Rate on Cut Plane OSHA Compliance SAR is 3.5W/Kg at the hottest spot. The sphere is filled with fat centimeter cube of fat is almost equal to 0.9Kg. At the hottest spot, the power distribution is equal to (3mW/cubic cm) which is well below the OSHA standard of (10 mW/square cm)

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Conclusion By studying a variety of tumor cases, it was shown that, overall, adding a conductor cover as electromagnetic shielding, not only creates an interference-free environment for measurement, but also significantly increases the cancer detection chance.

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 Any Questions? Thank you!