Pig Flow Dr. Locke Karriker, DVM, MS R.B. Baker, DVM, MS Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine VDPAM 310 Introduction to Production Medicine Swine Topics Lecture 1

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine The Evolution of Pig Farming Pre 1950 –Small subsistence herds < 10 sows 1950 to 1970 –“Mortgage lifter”+/- 100 sows –Outdoor continuous flow farrow to finish –Selling or growing feeder pigs – “on dirt” –Pigs were produced in batches in mid west –Produced continuously in the south

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Industry Structure: Historical Perspectives Before 1980 –high zoonosis potential Interface with wildlife and other domestic species –Low productivity/efficiency >8 million sows producing <100 million pigs < 12 pigs per sow per year –Different set of disease agents –More chronic diseases/syndromes –Higher suckling pig mortality –Little genetic improvement Pigs were fat >3.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain Slow growth rates

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine SOW FARM / BREEDING HERD

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives After the late 1970’s Margins and Efficiencies drove the industry –Feed costs Very low – corn hybrids and productive years –Biological potential of the pig realized Repetitive reproductive potential Almost amazing growth potential –3 to 300# in six months –Value created per pig $30/pig margins –Disease impact was highly variable during the period

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives Visionaries of the Day –Producers Wendell Murphy, Bill Prestage, and others –Breeding Stock Roy Pogue, Ken Woolley, and others –Processors Joseph W. Luter III –Wall Street Investment Bankers –Brand Marketers Hormel etc. –First Integrators Premium Standard Farms

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives Biosecurity Development –Before 1980 there was little SPF and some genetic companies –Derived from observation - intuition –Types of Biosecurity Internal External –Last 5 years more science based

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pigs and Facilities Age Groups Breeding and Gestation-Sows / Boars – (Adults) Farrowing / lactation-Piglets & Sows for 3 wks Nursery-Pigs 7 wks Finisher-Pigs wks FwNFn B&G SowsPigs Market

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pig flow systems Basic concepts of pig movement

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pig Facility Development 1975 to 1985 –Change to total confinement Improved welfare for people and pigs –Continuous flow (high disease burden) 1985 to 1995 –Change to All-In, All-Out in all production stages Multisite production This design eliminated many diseases –Barn sizes based on the slaughter haul truck –Economies of scale and biologic efficiencies were realized

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Variety Different sizes and types

British Radial Production

Single Site: Continuous Flow

Basic Pig Flow Phase Review

PROCESS BEGINS SOW UNIT BREEDING & GESTATION DEPARTMENT

PHASE 1 SOW UNIT FARROWING DEPARTMENT

PHASE 2 NURSERY

PHASE 3 FINISHING

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Basic Pig Flow Sow Unit  Market

Sow Unit Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Nursery MARKETMARKET Isoweans Feeder Pigs Fat Hogs Finishers Fats Market Hogs MARKETMARKET Weaners Basic Flow 8 – 15 lbs 35 – 75 lbs 220 – 290 lbs

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market PigsFat hogs / Fats The BIG Picture Finishers IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats

Production Systems Single, Two, Three and Four? Site Systems

Single Site

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Single Site: All-in, All-out

Two Site (Option A) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2

Two Site (Option B) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2

Multisite: Nursery

Three Site Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 Site 1 Site 3 Site 2

Three or Four Site? Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 Site 4? Two Site 3’s X Site 3 Two Site 3’s

Multisite: B/G/F

Group/Cohort Origin Single vs. Multiple Source

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine AGE SEGREGATED REARING Summary All In – All Out production –The most significant change in production practices over the past 100 years. –One age group per room or building Limits disease spread –Reduces and slows the horizontal transmission cycle Much Better at meeting the pig’s needs –Feed optimized for each age –Temperature optimized –Space and water delivery optimized –Improved vaccine efficacy –Etc.

Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Modern pig farm The female population is divided into ~20 by-week groups of pregnant sows/gilts –Farrow a different group each week –Replacements are added to each group-week –3 to 4 weeks lactation –1 week breeding –15 weeks gestation –Ideal total time from wean to wean is 19 weeks –Each female would ideally/potentially farrow 2.74 times/year

Single Sow Sources Nursery Four Nursery Sites Each Site has a Single Sow Source

Multiple Sow Sources Nursery Four Nursery Sites One Nursery Building per Site One Nursery Room per Building

Multiple Sow Sources Nursery One Nursery Site Three Nursery Buildings One Nursery Room per Building One Nursery Site One Nursery Building Ten Nursery Rooms per Building

Quiz Time!

How Many Nursery Sites Have a Single Sow Source per Site? Nursery 2

How Many Nursery Buildings Have a Single Sow Source per Building? Nursery 4

How Many Nursery Rooms Have a Single Sow Source per Room? Nursery 14

Summary One sow unit supplies pigs to multiple nurseries Each nursery supplies pigs to at least two different finishers Production systems can be categorized as: –Single, two, or three site systems –Single or Multiple sow source system Each system has pros and cons Understanding pig flow is essential in allowing you to better address the system’s pig health options

9 Week Cycle Example

Most larger operations (>500 sows) have farrowings on a daily basis –Most ship pigs either once or twice a week This means, there needs to be an infrastructure (i.e. buildings) to receive pigs every week

Sow Unit Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Nursery MARKETMARKET Isoweans Feeder Pigs Fat Hogs Finishers Fats Market Hogs MARKETMARKET Weaners Basic Flow 8 – 15 lbs 35 – 75 lbs 220 – 290 lbs

IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market PigsFat hogs / Fats The BIG Picture Finishers IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats

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Sow Unit 2 Week # 3 10

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9 week turn means that each nursery will receive pigs every 9 weeks This means that the producer who got pigs in week 1 will receive the next group of pigs in week 10 Because of this, the producer must make room in the nursery for the next group of pigs before week 10

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