AMERICAN HISTORY

 April 12, 1861—Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter  CRISIS AT FORT SUMTER  March 5, 1861-Cmdr. Robert Anderson sends desperate note to President Lincoln  Confederate leaders demand Anderson surrender Fort Sumter or be fired upon

 Lincoln decided to tell Confederates he was going to send only food and nonmilitary supplies to the fort  THE ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER  Jefferson Davis decided to demand surrender or use whatever force necessary to destroy it  April 12, 1861—Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort  Fort Sumter’s defenses were no match and the fort surrendered April 13 th  The southern flag replaced the stars and stripes on April 14th

 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 days to put down the rebellion  Northerners rush to enlist in the military  8 remaining southern states had to decide which side to support  MO, AR, KY, NC, TN, VA, DE, MD refused to send troops or ignored the President’s request  April 17—VA secedes  May—AR, TN, NC secede  What would DE, KY, MD, and MO do?

 DE, KY, MD, MO referred to as BORDER STATES (slave states that remained in the union)  MARTIAL LAW IN MARYLAND  MD most critical border state  Churches required to fly Stars and Stripes  Newspaper supporting secession were closed and owners jailed

 Lincoln placed parts of MD under MARTIAL LAW (military commanders are in control; citizens’ rights and freedoms suspended)  In November 1861 new elections produced a pro-union legislature  DIVISIONS IN MISSOURI  MO controlled the lower Mississippi River  MO stayed in the union

 DIVIDED LOYALTIES IN KENTUCKY  Control of KY meant control of 700 miles of the Ohio River  “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky”—Abraham Lincoln  Most local officials opposed secession  KY initially said it would remain neutral  KY sided with the union in Sept after Confederate troops invaded.

 Lincoln couldn’t make the war entirely about slavery  Lincoln said people should fight to preserve the union  South had a simple goal: be left alone with slavery unchanged.  Southerners felt that if they could hold off the North long enough, the north would grow tired of the war and withdraw

TTHE NORTH’S STRATEGY NNorthern armies needed to invade the south to return states to the Union NNorth was better prepared for war MMore people, factories to fight and produce guns and ammunition GGeneral Winfield Scott did the planning 11) Union navy would blockade southern ports 22) Union gunboats travel down the Mississippi splitting the south in two

SScott’s plan had major flaws BBased on belief that most southerners opposed secession IIt would take a lot of time to create an effective blockade MMost northerners wanted a short war AANACONDA PLAN—name for Scott’s plan given by journalists—based on the snake that slowly squeezed its victim to death NNewspapers suggested that the Union capture the confederate capitol—Richmond, VA to quickly end the war

 THE SOUTH’S STRATEGY  South had fewer resources but more support for their cause  White southerners believed that they were fighting for freedom and homeland  Southerners placed great value on bravery and fighting ability  Most of the USA’s most talented military officers were southerners  Most sided with their home state and fought in the confederacy

 COTTON DIPLOMACY  The South’s greatest strength over the North was cotton  Huge exports to Great Britain and France  South believed that Great Britain and France would aid the south if the exports were interrupted  COTTON DIPLOMACY—use of cotton as a foreign policy tool

BBritain and France did not recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation SSouth stopped shipping cotton (EMBARGO) BBritain didn’t appreciate being blackmailed by the South over cotton TTHE END