Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic sequencing

Recombination Produces New Genotypes Figure 8.25 Genotype: abcde Genotype: aBcde Donor DNA Recipient DNA (now has a new phenotype or ability, like being able to use a sugar it could not before)

Transformation: Absorption of Free DNA Figure 8.24 In a lab setting, many bacterial species are not “competent” to take up donor DNA. They are incubated in CaCl 2 to make them competent and then heat shocked so they will suck up DNA fragments from the medium.

Plasmids: Autonomously Replicating Extrachromosomal DNA Fertility (F) factor is a plasmid that can direct the formation of a sex pilus and DNA transfer by conjugation

Conjugation: Simple F + to F - Transfer Figure 8.27a

Conjugation: Creation of an Hfr Cell Figure 8.27b

Conjugation: Hfr to F - cell Figure 8.27c

Transduction Figure 8.28 Recombinant Phage protein coat Bacterial chromosome Bacterial DNA Phage DNA Recipient cell Donor bacterial DNA Recipient bacterial DNA Recombinant cell

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting

Prophase I of Meiosis Genetic Recombination In Eukaryotes: Crossing Over Figure 8.23

Double Infection By Two Viruses Can Produce a New Novel Virus By Recombination (In eukaryotes, is this how new recombinations of influenza viruses arise)

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting

Figure Biotechnology/DNA Technology: Genetic Engineering Scheme Advantages & Disadvantages

Figure 9.2 Restriction Enzymes Recognize and Cut at Recognition Sites

Vector: Something That Can Carry in New DNA and Be Stable in the Cell Should have several restriction enzyme sites Figure 9.3

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting

Genetic Engineering Involves Insertion of a Gene on a Plasmid

Avoid accidental release of supergerms Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? Do we have a right to move genes around, creating new life forms (i.e. “playing God”)? Safety Issues and Ethics

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic sequencing

Polymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Replication in a Test Tube Exponential Increase in the Number of DNA Molecules each Cycle

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Sequencing

Figure DNA Fingerprinting Generates Banding Patterns Unique to Individuals 1.Collect cells 2.Extract DNA 3.Cut the DNA in fragments using the same restriction enzyme 4. Separate the fragments using gel electrophoresis

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic sequencing

Comparing the nucleotide sequences of rRNA genes(the 16S type) in prokaryotes (and eukaryotes) has helped show evolutionary relatedness Used to separate prokaryotes and eukaryotes into 3 Domains in the late 1980s Genetic Sequencing

Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells? Gene Transfer and Recombination Donor and recipient; recombination Prokaryotic Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer Conjugation Plasmids: F factors, R factors Eukaryotic Gene Recombination Viral Gene Changes Application of DNA Biotechnology Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic sequencing