Industrialization of America and the Market Revolution Antebellum Economics 1790s-1860

Causes Westward Expansion Westward Expansion New Forms of Transportation New Forms of Transportation Slave Labor / Inexpensive Labor Slave Labor / Inexpensive Labor Ingenuity / Profit Ingenuity / Profit Free Market Capitalism and Government Investment Free Market Capitalism and Government Investment Natural Resources / Geography Natural Resources / Geography Isolationism / Protective Tariffs Isolationism / Protective Tariffs Ties to Great Britain Ties to Great Britain

Westward Expansion Rich farmlands of Midwest Rich farmlands of Midwest Clay’s American System Clay’s American System Disdain for Native Americans Disdain for Native Americans Conestoga Wagons Conestoga Wagons Eventually Railroads Eventually Railroads

Transportation Infrastructure Development Paved Roads and Turnpikes Paved Roads and Turnpikes Canals Canals Railroads Railroads

Erie Canal System

Transportation: Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight Rates

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built in North p Slave labor built in South

Ingenuity Innovation Inventions Mechanized Farming Tools Mechanized Farming Tools Steam Engine Steam Engine Locomotive / Trains Locomotive / Trains Steamboat Steamboat Telegraph Telegraph Interchangeable Parts Interchangeable Parts Sewing Machines Sewing Machines

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

Free Market Capitalism Laissez Faire policies (Gov’t hands off) Laissez Faire policies (Gov’t hands off) Competition / Profits = Innovation Competition / Profits = Innovation Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand

Government Investment Erie Canal Erie Canal National Road, National Road, State Turnpikes State Turnpikes Railroads Railroads Numerous infrastructure projects. Numerous infrastructure projects.

Slave Labor Southern States International Slave Trade Ban International Slave Trade Ban Continued Growth of Slavery Continued Growth of Slavery Cotton Gin Cotton Gin “King Cotton” “King Cotton”

Inexpensive Labor Northeastern Cities Women Women Children Children Irish and German immigrants Irish and German immigrants Farmers moving to cities Farmers moving to cities

Natural Resources Geography Large deposits of coal, iron, copper, and silver Large deposits of coal, iron, copper, and silver Bodies of water Bodies of water Good harbors Good harbors Lumber Lumber Distance from Europe Distance from Europe

Isolationism Embargo Act Embargo Act Protective Tariffs Protective Tariffs Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars Rise of Nationalism Rise of Nationalism

Ties to Great Britain Ideas Originate in Great Britain Ideas Originate in Great Britain Spreads to New England Spreads to New England Mill towns of New England Mill towns of New England

Results Urbanization Urbanization Gap between North and South Gap between North and South Westward Expansion Westward Expansion Immigration Increases Immigration Increases Women in the work place /Social Movements Women in the work place /Social Movements Growth of Industries Growth of Industries Social Mobility –Expansion of Middle Class Social Mobility –Expansion of Middle Class Early signs of Organized Labor (unions) Early signs of Organized Labor (unions)