PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects

Relationships of the Polyneoptera Plecoptera ✓ Zoraptera ✓ Embiodea ✓ Dermaptera ✓ Grylloblattodea ✓ ✓ Mantophasmatodea Phasmida Orthoptera ✓ Mantodea Isoptera Blattaria

Hexapod Orders Phasmatodea Phasma - phantom Number of Species 3,000 Common names Stick insects, leaf insects Typical habitats - arboreal, worldwide Distinguishing characteristics no ovipositor no saltatorial hind legs elongated prothorax Other features -some show parthenogenesis -very cryptic -prolonged mating

Features of Phasmatodea Hindlegs not saltatorial Elongate pronotum No ovipositor

Reproduction - mating

Reproduction - eggs operculum -mimic seed pods

BLATTODEA Roaches

Hexapod Orders Blattodea Blatta - roach Number of Species 4,000 Common names Roaches, cockroaches Typical habitats - damp, warm dark areas - tropical forests Distinguishing characteristics No ovipositor No saltatorial hind legs Other features -ootheca used in oviposition

Distinguishing feature - Ootheca

Modes of Reproduction Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous

MANTODEA Mantids

Hexapod Orders Mantodea Mantid - soothsayer Number of Species 2.300 Common names Mantids Typical habitats - arboreal Distinguishing characteristics Predatory adaptations Other features -ootheca used in oviposition

Predatory adaptations Large eyes Freely moving head Predatory adaptations Elongated prothorax Raptorial forelegs

Predatory adaptations Crypsis

Predatory adaptations Crypsis

Mantodea - reproduction

Mantodea - reproduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iftdIEAMcmw

Mantodea - reproduction Maxwell 1999 Behaviour 36:

Mantodea - reproduction

ISOPTERA (termites)

Hexapod Orders Isoptera Iso - equal, ptera - wings Number of Species 3,000 Common names Termites, white ants Typical habitats - fossorial, colonial Distinguishing characteristics Sociality Castes Other features -loss of ovipositor

Digesting lignocellulose Lignin

Termites and symbiotic bacteria and protists

Termite Castes King Queen Alates Soldier Worker

Termite Life Cycle Supplemental reproductives Worker Soldier Alate (winged reproductive} Reproductive nymph Nymphs Eggs Wingless reproductive King Queen

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of various castes in Glossotermes oculatus: (A) apterous immature; (B) female apterous neotenic; (C) nymph; and (D)female nymphoid neotenic. Fig. 2. Live individuals of Glossotermes oculatus, exposed after damage to the log housing the colony. S, soldiers; L, larva; other individuals are apterous immatures. Total length of an apterous immature, from mandibles to tip of abdomen, is about 3mm.

How are castes determined? King Queen stimulates Produce male inhibitor Produce female inhibitor proctodeal feeding proctodeal feeding Male nymph Female nymph Absorbs male inhibitor Passes female inhibitor Absorbs female inhibitor Passes male inhibitor To other worker nymphs via mutual feeding

Termite nests

Termite nests

Termite nests Heat Regulation Path of sun General orientation of nest

Termite nests Heat Regulation Inhabited Uninhabited

Termite Damage

Termite range