Intro to Livestock Nutrition Animal Production and Products Adv Animal Science

Nutrition and Livestock Ruminants – animal with four-chambered stomachs – Cattle, sheep, goats, ungulates (deer, etc)

Nutrition and Livestock Non-ruminants – Monogastrics – single, simple stomach Pigs, people – Modified monogastrics – hindgut fermenters Horses, rabbits

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Six chemical types needed by organisms to survive

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Carbohydrates Chains of CHO’s Sugars – Plants store sugars as starches – Animals store sugars as glycogen

Nutritional Factors Nutrients Monosaccharides = single sugars Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides = two-sugar sugars Lactose (glucose + galactose); Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharides = many-sugar sugars Starch, cellulose, glycogen (glucose chains)

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Lipids Fats and oils Feeds – Vegetable oils, oil seeds, animal fat

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Protein Needed for growth Chains of amino acids (essential vs nonessential) Feeds – Soybeans, soybean meal, legumes, animal protein

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Vitamins Organic compounds that facilitate body functions Fat soluble – A, D, E, K Water soluble – B (1-12), C

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Minerals Inorganic compounds needed for bodily functions Macro versus micro (trace elements) Toxicity vs Deficiency – Copper toxicity in sheep – Selenium deficiency in sheep

Nutritional Factors Nutrients – Water Sheep – up to 2 gallons/day Cattle – 5-15 gallons/day (lactating Holsteins: 27 gallons a day) Swine – market hogs require 2.5 gallons/day (sows can need up to 6 gallons/day) Horses – 8-15 gallons/day

Energies Gross Energy (GE) – Total energy in the feed unit – Example: 500 kcal/pound – 1 calorie = energy to heat 1 gram/ml of water 1 degree C

Energies Digestible Energy (DE) – DE = GE – Fecal Energy Fecal energy is energy found in the fecal matter that passed through the animal Some feeds more digestible than others – Example: if GE= 500 kcal, and fecal energy = 200 kcal, then DE = ?

Energies Metabolic Energy (ME) – ME = DE – Urinary energy – rumen gas energy Rumen gas loss energy is usually in the form of methane, by product of microbes – Example: If DE = 300 kcal, and urinary energy = 18 kcal, and rumen gas energy is 36 kcal, then ME = ? The metabolizability of DE is usually ~82%

Energies Net Energy (NE) – NE = ME – Heat loss/increment Heat lost as part of the digestion process – Example: If ME = 246 kcal, and heat loss is 32 kcal, then NE = ?

Energies Net Energy (NE) – NE is the energy available for 1) maintenance of the animal and 2) production/growth

Energies The point? – The type of feed we feed, and the amount of energy present in that feed, affects how much energy the animal has to use to carry out its functions!

Types of Feeds Roughages – Heavy cellulose forages (grasses, hays, silage) – Typically long-stemmed Concentrates – Grains high in starches (corn, oats, rye, etc)

Types of Feed 1)Alfalfa pellets 2)Rice bran 3)Beet pulp pellets 4)Soybean meal 5)Alfalfa cubes 6)Cottonseed meal 7)Chopped hay 8)Wheat bran 9)Whole oats 10)Iodized salt 11)Rolled oats 12)Trace mineral salt 13)Whole barley 14.Salt w/selenium 15.Rolled barley 16.Rye 17.Whole corn 18.Wheat 19.Cracked corn 20.COB (a=wet, b=dry) 21.Rolled corn 22.Molasses 23.Linseed meal 24.Flax 25.Crimped oats