Ch. 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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Ch. 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Objectives Understand how the nervous system is divided and the types of cells that are found in nervous tissue Know the anatomy of a neuron and the structural and functional types of neurons Understand what occurs at the synapse

The Nervous System Maintains internal coordination Sensory information Processing Response Two major subdivisions Central (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral (PNS) Nerves and ganglia

Divisions of Nervous System legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu

Divisions of Nervous System CNS brain and spinal cord PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Sensory division Sensory information form environment to CNS Motor division Somatic Impulses to skeletal muscle Autonomic Impulses to cardiac and smooth muscle, glands Sympathetic parasympathetic

Neurons Communication cells of the nervous system Properties that allow communication Excitability Conductivity Secretion Three functional classes Afferent (sensory) neurons Interneurons (association neurons) Efferent (motor) neurons

Neuron Structure Soma – control center Dendrites Axon Hillock Axon Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies Neurofibrils Dendrites Receptive sites Conduct towards Axon Hillock Axon Impulse generators Conduct away mindcreators.com

Synapse Site of neuronal communication Two types Synaptic cleft Axodendritic Axosomatic Synaptic cleft neurotransmitters catalog.nucleusinc.com

Structural Classification science.howstuffworks.com

Neuroglial Cells Four types of glial cells Astrocytes Synapse formation Brain derived trophic factor Nourish Regulation of neurotransmitters K+ regulation Oligodendrocytes myelination Microglia Immune protection Macrophages Ependymal cells Internal lining of CNS Production of CSF Two types of glial cells found only in PNS Schwann cells Myelination Satellite cells Provide electrical insulation around soma Chemical regulation

Myelination nature.com faculty.stcc.edu

Nerves Nerve Nerve composed of multiple axons Epineurium Perineurium Collection of nerve fibers in the PNS Nerve composed of multiple axons Epineurium Perineurium Fascicles endoneurium web.uaccb.edu

Grey and White Matter of CNS Grey matter cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia White matter Myelinated axons histology.leeds.ac.uk

Reflex Arcs Reflex Monosynaptic Polysynaptic Rapid, autonomic motor responses to stimuli Somatic or visceral Monosynaptic Direct connection between afferent and efferent neurons Polysynaptic One or more interneurons involved

Spinal Reflexes

Neuronal Circuits Diverging circuits Converging circuits Signal is passed to many pathways Converging circuits Various signals influence one neuron Reverberating circuit One neuron in a series sends feedback to a previous neuron in the circuit Serial and Parallel processing

Disorders of the Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis Autoimmune attack of myelin on CNS axons Neuronal Regeneration Possible to regenerate axons of PNS Regeneration tubes

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