Sea turtles Air breathing Ectothermic (cold- blooded) poikilotherms –Metabolism fluctuates with the environment temp. Return to land for reproduction Scaled carapace fused to backbone

Not very diverse –7 species Green –herbivores Hawksbill –feed on encrusting organisms Leatherbacks –Largest (upto 2 m) –Feed on jellies –Warm, tropical waters Long migrations (e.g km) Vulnerable (see pg. 180) –E.g. products, food, by-catch

Sea snakes Tropical Indian & Pacific oceans Laterally compressed –E.g. Yellow-bellied sea snake (Puerto Vallarta, Mex; Costa Rica) Protective scales like terrestrial snakes Very venomous

Marine lizards Marine iguana –Galapagos Islands –Laterally compressed tail –Herbivore –Salt excreting glands around eyes (like many marine reptiles) Saltwater crocodile –Coastal & estuaries –Narrow snout –Aggressive carnivores –Farmed for skins

Birds: seabirds & shorebirds Homeothermic endotherms Adaptations for flight & sea life –Pneumatized bone (dense skull) –Waterproof feathers –Webbed feet High metabolisms –Lots of food (fish & inverts) Diverse morphologies and environments Breed on land, typically monogamous pairs

Pelicans –Plunge, fill pouch with fish Cormorants –Great divers, swimmers –oily feathers; yet not entirely waterproof Frigate birds –Long distance fliers Not very oily feathers –Surface feeders

Gulls, terns, & shorebirds Gulls –Predators, scavengers Terns –Surface fliers/plungers –Favor nesting sites Shorebirds –Lack web feet –diverse bills –Estuaries & coastal –E.g: plover, curlew, oyster catcher

Penguins Flightless; advanced swimming Denser bones Subcutaneous fat Antarctica mostly Eat krill, fish, squid Monogamous pairs –Emperors: Lay a single egg in winter Male incubates on top of feet (64 days) Female collects food

Class Mammalia Brain sizes are larger per pound of body weight than most other animals' Mammals have more efficient control over their body temperatures than do birds Hair provides insulation Mammary glands provide milk to nourish the young Teeth are specialized for cutting, shearing or grinding; thick enamel helps prevent teeth from wearing out Marine mammals Well developed in comparison to other vertebrates –Branched from 5 ancestral land mammals Oils, fat layers, blubber Viviparous; placental Very diverse feeding strategies and adaptations –Piscivores –Indiscriminate carnivores –Herbivores –Filter feeders baleen

Order Pinnipedia Shared terrestrial Carnivora ancestor Blubber –Insulates, buoyancy, stored energy Breed on land Seals –Streamlined body, rear flippers good for swimming Sea lions –Flippers support body on land and for swimming –External ears Walrus –Feed on bottom inverts –Deep divers –Tusks for defense and anchoring (arctic ice)

Sea Otter Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Musetlidae (river otters, skunks, weasels) Smallest marine mammal Shallow coastal water No blubber; two layers of fur Front limbs for prey capture and manipulation Feed on benthic inverts –Typically bring to surface

Polar Bears Order Carnivora, Suborder Caniformia, Family Ursidae (bears) Semiaquatic –Good swimmers, travel miles on arctic ice, ice dens huge feet with heavy fur Tremendous claws White fur for camouflage. Black skin for absorbing heat. Hollow hair for reradiating and collecting heat. Blubber for energy storage and protection from the cold. Incredible sense of smell –locating food –locating each other for mating (pheromones) need to be able to come together in the vastness of the Arctic.

Manatees & Dugongs Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae (dugong and sea cow) Dugong dugon (dugong) Hydrodamalis gigas (Stellar's sea cow) Family Trichechidae (manatees) Elephant-like ancestor –Herbivorous; teeth –Bone structure –Thick skin –Nasal morphology –Pectoral mammaries

Whales Order Cetacea –Whales, dolphins, porpoises –Horizontal flukes –Top blowhole –Spend entire life in water –Toothed whales Carnivorous Includes dolphins & porpoises –Toothless whales

Baleen whales Filter feed with baleen plates (keratin) Two blowhole openings Surface feeders –Right and Bowhead Rorquals –Expandable throat to gulp large amounts of fish and krill

Toothed whales Sperm whales Orcas Dolphins –Beaked typically Porpoises –No or less beak