West Saxon Kentish Mercian Northumbrian Humber Hadrian's Wall Present boundary Types of English in the British Isles, A.D. 800

Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard metudæs maecti end his modgidanc uerc uuldurfadur sue he uundra gihuaes eci dryctin or astelidæ he aerist scop aelda barnum heben til hrofe haleg scepen tha middungeard moncynnæs uard eci dryctin æfter tiadæ firum foldu frea allmectig Nu sculon herigean heofonrices weard meotodes meaht and his modgeþanc weorc wuldorfæder swa he wundra gehwæs ece drihten or onstealde he ærest scop eorðan bearnum heofon to hrofe halig scyppend þa middangeard moncynnes waerd ece drihten æfter teode firum foldan fea ælmihtig Now shall (we) praise the ward of heaven the creator’s might, and his thought, the glory-fathers’s works, as he every wonder - eternal lord – primevally established. He first created for men’s children heaven as a roof - holy creator - then Middle-garth - ward of mankind - - eternal lord - afterwards made earth for men - almighty king Cædmon’s Hymn (Bede c.731)

Scotland Three languages: Gaelic A Celtic q-Celtic (Goidelic) language introduced in the 6th - 7th century from Ireland Scots A Germanic language introduced by the Anglo-Saxons in the 6th -7th century Scottish English Relatively standard British English spoken with various Scottish accents

Celtic p-Celtic (Brythonic) –Gaulish (no descendents) –Welsh –Cornish –Breton q-Celtic (Goidelic) –Irish –Scottish Gaelic –Manx

Celtic p-Celtic (Brythonic) –Gaulish (no descendents) –Welsh –Cornish –Breton q-Celtic (Goidelic) –Irish –Scottish Gaelic –Manx

Celtic p-Celtic (Brythonic) –Gaulish (no descendents) –Welsh –Cornish –Breton q-Celtic (Goidelic) –Scottish Gaelic –Irish –Manx

Celtic p-Celtic (Brythonic) q-Celtic (Goidelic) LatinWelshGaelic caput penn ceann = 'head'

Territories under the overlordship of the Gaelic-speaking king of Scots by the 11th c.

Island Scots Island English North Scots Central Scots South Scots Highland English Scots and English of the Highlands and Islands

Scots Wells II:395

Scots Wells II:396

Scots ~ English: social dialect continuum Scots Scottish English England

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger LOT-THOUGHT, TRAP-BATH-CALM Vowel length - Aitken’s Law Various vowel qualities and different lexical incidences.

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) mess mace red raid road phone go mes meis red reid més mes réd red red: RP blue: Scottish r0ud f0un g0u ród fón gó:

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split

Wells (203) p 397

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger

Scottish English NURSE

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger For many speakers: LOT and THOUGHT have same vowel cot-caught, knotty-naughty, don-dawn with ö (NB in GA with á)

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger For many speakers: TRAP BATH PALM have same vowel half past hat calm a ~ á

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger LOT-THOUGH, TRAP-BATH-CALM Vowel length - Aitken’s Law

Aitken’s Law Wells 2:400 Vowels are short unless followed by KIT and STRUT are always short

Review: Vowel Length in Southern British English Lax vowels are short A BC D Tense vowels and diphthongs are long, but shortened (clipped) in front of fortis consonants

Review: Vowel Length in Scottish English KIT and STRUT short All other vowels: A BC D

Review: Vowel Length in Scottish English A BC D

Aitken’s Law Wells 2:400 Vowels are short unless followed by KIT and STRUT are always short

bead bid bed bad bId bid bed bæd bíd bid béd bad mood good moon lace less red: RP blue: Scottish

key stay know news rude Bruce feet queen

poor care see greed agreed toad towed agree#d toad# towe#d

feed keyed maid made prize price

Scottish English No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) FOOT-GOOSE Merger FOOT-STRUT Split No NURSE Merger LOT-THOUGH, TRAP-BATH-CALM Vowel length - Aitken’s Law Various vowel qualities and different lexical incidences.

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction T Glottaling Rhoticity Yod Dropping, ~Yod Coalescence ~ H Dropping

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes)

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction: wine ~ whine wain ~ Wain

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction T Glottaling (Wells 409)

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction T Glottaling Rhoticity (Wells 410)

Scottish English Consonants Rhoticity (Wells 410)

Scottish English Consonants Rhoticity Wells 411

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction T Glottaling Rhoticity Yod Dropping, Yod Coalescence Wells 412

Scottish English Consonants x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) No Glide Cluster Reduction T Glottaling Rhoticity Yod Dropping, Yod Coalescence H Dropping Not in Scotland except for “one or two North-Eastern localities” (Wells 412)

English in the Highlands and Islands

Insular Scottish English Orkney and Shetland