Prince William Composite Squadron Col M. T. McNeely Presentation for AGI Users Conference CIVIL AIR PATROL PRESENTS The CAP-STK Aerospace Education Program INTRO TO SPACE COURSE …using AGI’s Satellite Tool Kit

Why is this important? Intro to Space will enhance CAP Aerospace Education Program Broaden cadet’s knowledge of Space and Satellite operations Cadet will gain an understanding of a variety of Space fundamentals Orbital Mechanics Types of Orbits Placing a Satellite in Orbit Conducting Satellite Operations Stimulate interest in the ‘Final Frontier’: THE FUTURE!!

ORBITAL MECHANICS Lesson Plan 1 - Part 1  Origins  Physical Laws  Requirements for Injection  Classifications of Orbits  Coordinate Reference Systems  Orbital Elements

PHYSICAL LAWS Kepler’s 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas

The line joining the planet to the center of the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 A2 A3A4 A5 A6 A1

PHYSICAL LAWS Newton’s 2nd Law: Law of Momentum  Change in momentum is proportional to and in the direction of the force applied  Momentum equals mass x velocity  Change in momentum gives: F = ma F F

INJECTION REQUIREMENTS Speed 100 miles 17,500 mi/hr

ORBITAL ELEMENTS Keplerian Elements  Semi-Major Axis (Size)  Eccentricity (Shape)  Inclination  Right Ascension  Argument of Perigee  Epoch Time (Location within orbit) – True Anomaly (Orientation)

ORBIT CLASSIFICATION Shape (Conic Sections) Circle Ellipse

ORBIT CLASSIFICATIONS Eccentricity Eccentricity = c/a e = 0.75 e =.45 e = 0

ORBITAL ELEMENTS Keplerian Elements: Inclination Orbital Plane Equatorial Plane Inclination ( i )

ORBITAL ELEMENTS Keplerian Elements: Right Ascension i Line of Nodes Right Ascension of the Ascending Node (  ) First Point of Aries (  )

ORBITAL ELEMENTS Keplerian Elements: Argument of Perigee  i Line of Nodes  Argument of Perigee (  )

ORBITAL MECHANICS Lesson Plan 1 - Part 2  Ground Tracks  Perturbations  Launch Considerations  Orbital Maneuvers  De-orbit/Decay

Ground Tracks Westward Regression - Earth rotates east under a satellite => satellite appears to walk west - Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours (15 degrees per hour)

Ground Tracks Westward Regression AB C A - time zero B - after one orbit C - after two orbits 60

Ground tracks Inclination N 45S Inclination = 45 degrees Eccentricity ~ 0

Ground Tracks Eccentricity Ground Track for Molnyia orbit eccentricity =.7252

PERTURBATIONS  Definition – A disturbance in the regular motion of a satellite  Types – Gravitational – Atmospheric Drag – Third Body Effects – Solar Wind/Radiation Effects – Electro-magnetic

PERTURBATIONS Gravitational: Libration  Ellipticity of the Earth causes gravity wells and hills  Stable points: 75E and 105W -- Himalayas and Rocky Mountains  Unstable points: 165E and 5W -- Marshall Islands and Portugal  Drives the requirement for stationkeeping

PERTURBATIONS Electro-Magnetic  Interaction between the Earth’s magnetic field and the satellite’s electro-magnetic field results in magnetic drag

LAUNCH CONSIDERATIONS Launch Windows  The period of time during which a satellite can be launched directly into a specific orbital plane from a specific launch site  Window duration driven by safety, fuel requirements, desired injection points, etc.  Window is centered around optimal launch time

DE-ORBIT/DECAY  De-Orbit is the controlled re-entry of a satellite to a specific location – Used for the recovery of payload u Manned missions  Decay is uncontrolled re-entry – Potential impact anywhere along ground track – Re-entry Assessment (by Cheyenne Mountain)

TYPES OF ORBITS Lesson Plan 2  Types of Satellites and Missions  Satellites vs Orbits  Use STK to Evaluate Orbit Type vs Mission Requirement

TYPES OF ORBITS - Uses of Satellites  Daily Uses of Satellites  Big Picture  Affects of Altitude

TYPES OF ORBITS - Uses of Satellites GPS Receiver Used in Search and Rescue Missions

TYPES OF ORBITS  LEO  MEO  HEO  GEO

PLACING A SATELLITE IN ORBIT Lesson Plan 3  How Satellites are Launched  Location Advantages of Two Primary Launch Sites  Purpose of a Hohmann Transfer  Use STK to Demonstrate Concepts

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types DELTA II

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types ATLAS 2AS

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types TITAN IV

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types TAURUS

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types The SHUTTLE BOOSTER

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Booster Types PEGASUS

PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT  Launch Constraints

CONDUCTING SATELLITE OPERATIONS Lesson Plan 4  Basic Elements of a Space System  Space System Functions  Access  STK Demonstrations

SATELLITE OPERATIONS FUNCTIONS  GPS Example

EXERCISES Lesson Plan 5  Apply Knowledge Concepts to Problems and Formulate Solutions  Demonstrate with STK

INTRO TO SPACE SUMMARY  Classroom Presentations using Powerpoint  Demonstrate with STK  Let’s Demo !! The world of Space Operations awaits you!!