J OB S ATISFACTION & B URNOUT IN F AST -P ITCH S OFTBALL C OACHES Robin Hardin, Ph.D. University of Tennessee Rebecca Zakrajsek, Ph.D. University of Tennessee
Job Satisfaction A positive emotional response following an employee’s job expectations being met or exceeded (McChesney, 2005). Nine Dimensions of Job Satisfaction (Spector, 1994) Job Satisfaction FactorDescription PayPay & Remuneration PromotionAdvancement Opportunities SupervisionImmediate Supervisor Fringe BenefitsMonetary & Nonmonetary Contingent RewardsAppreciation & Recognition for Job Performance Operating ConditionsOrganization Policies & Procedures CoworkersPeople Who Work with You in the Organization Nature of WorkThe Actual Duties of the Job Itself CommunicationInformation Flow within the Organization
Burnout Reaction to chronic stress that involves a negative interaction between one’s environment and their personal characteristics (McChesney, 2005). Emotional Exhaustion: Being emotionally overextended and drained of emotional resources (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995). Depersonalization: Development of cynicism and a dehumanizing attitude towards athletes or patients (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995). Personal Accomplishment: An individual’s perception of his/her own ability to control his/her own situation (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995).
So What? Negative effects of burnout on the coaches’ mental and physical health Negative effects of burnout on coaches’ co- workers, family members and athletes/patients Attrition and job turnover Burnout and Job Satisfaction examined together
Research Questions What is the level of job satisfaction in Fast-Pitch Softball Coaches? What is the level of burnout in Fast-Pitch Softball Coaches? What is the relationship between job satisfaction and burnout?
METHODOLOGY
Subjects IRB Approval Members of National Fast-Pitch Coaches Association (~4300) Recruitment via – Initial (cover letter with instructions and link to online survey) – Follow 1 week after initial contact 326 Respondents (7.6% response rate)
Instrumentation Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (22 job related statements) – Emotional Exhaustion - EE (feelings of being exhausted or overextended) 9 questions – Depersonalization - Dp (unfeeling towards work) 5 questions – Personal Accomplishment - PA (feelings of competence or successful achievement) 8 questions – High levels of burnout is reflected by high EE & Dp scores with a low PA score
Instrumentation Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) (Spector, 1994) 9 factors of JS (4-items per factor) Summed score for each factor – 4-12 (dissatisfied with job) – (ambivalence with job) – (satisfied with job) Job Satisfaction FactorDescription PayPay & Remuneration PromotionAdvancement Opportunities SupervisionImmediate Supervisor Fringe BenefitsMonetary & Nonmonetary Contingent RewardsAppreciation & Recognition for Job Performance Operating ConditionsOrganization Policies & Procedures CoworkersPeople Who Work with You in the Organization Nature of WorkThe Actual Duties of the Job Itself CommunicationInformation Flow within the Organization
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Mean Scores for the Dimensions of Burnout BurnoutXSDRanking Emotional exhaustion Average Depersonalization Average Personal accomplishment Low
Mean Scores for the Dimensions of Job Satisfaction Job SatisfactionXSDRanking Supervision Satisfied Coworkers Satisfied Fringe benefits Ambivalence Communication Satisfied Operating conditions Ambivalence Contingent rewards Ambivalence Nature of work Satisfied Pay Ambivalence Promotion Ambivalence Overall Satisfied
Frequency for the Dimensions of Job Satisfaction DimensionsDissatisfiedAmbivalentSatisfied Pay46%24.2%29.8% Promotion43.8%34.6%21.6% Supervision9.5%14.9%75.6% Fringe Benefits29.2%33.3%37.5% Contingent Rewards23.2%29.5%47.3% Operating Conditions28.6%40.6%30.8% Coworkers3.2%15.2%81.6% Nature of work1.0%3.4%95.6% Communications17.8%20.3%61.9% Overall6.7%36.2%63.8%
Burnout is prevalent in the area of personal accomplishment Tangible benefits are reflected as ambivalent in Job Satisfaction Working conditions are ambivalent as well.
Coaches are working for the love of the game and not necessarily the financial gain but there is some unrest in this area. Low levels of personal accomplishment show the coaches are not getting a sense of fulfillment
Which dimensions of job satisfaction are related to burnout? Are any demographic variables related to job satisfaction or burnout? Are sport managers aware of burnout and the impact of it on athletes and co- workers?
Dr. Robin Hardin Dr. Rebecca Zakrajsek