Russia before the revolution Did Russia have hope

Most signs were bad Government repressive –With Turkey and Montenegro the only one without parliament in 1894 –The Tsars word is law: autocracy –Zemstvos request for liberty turned down 95 Constantin Pobedonostsev teacher of Nicholas II Peasants poor and illiterate Some good signs.. Some economic growth but with it came the growing working class

Sergei Witte Minister of finance –Witte saw Russia future lie in industrialisation and the creation of strong modern state –Had little interests in politics or agriculture but focused on industry. –Tariffs to protect russian industry and offered foreign capitalists (mainly french) opportunity to invest in the growing russian industry. –Put the currency on gold foot.

Industrial development Foreign capital was invested in mining, metalurgy, banking, railroads. Trans-Siberian-railway 1904 Exports remained still mostly agricultural Urban proletariat was growing and russian towns to. Strikes increasing. Wages low and working conditions bad

Political opposition Phlekhanov became the advocate of marxism. –First meeting of russian social-democratic party in Minsk Rejected terrorism but focused on industrial agitation!! Socialist revolutionary party –Agrarian populist. Peasants should follow in the lead of the urban workers in the revolution –Redistribution of land to peasants. Liberals. Various small grops with liberal ideas.

The 1905 revolution Causes –Defeat in the Russo-Japanese war 1905 –Social unrest at home –Defeat means: –The army of little use –prestige of government low –Unrest breaks forth in strikes (bloody Sunday 22.jan.) –peasant unrest –rebellion in the armed forces

Bloody Sunday – a fake picture?

Glory to the People's Heroes of the Potemkin!"Potemkin

Political unrest Liberals formed the Kadet party and workers and marxist the Petersburg soviet. The Tsar tried to gain control by: –Ending the war –Publishing the October manifesto granting civil liberties and summoned the assembly “Duma” –Cancelled redemption payments –The autocracy remained in liberal disguise.

Was 1905 a revolution Naval mutiny Army mutiny National strikes Demands for peace, liberty, equality and democracy Political change Arson of Manors Downfall of Monarchy Assassination of key figures Court intrigue Planned revolution Demonstrations Propaganda

Why did the Tsar survive? His opponents were not united He made a compromise at a critical moment The army remained loyal

How did he use the breathing space Stolypin reforms to win over the peasants Duma founded Improvement of working conditions Repression of opposition Duma became less and less democratic and had only concilatory powers Peasant population growing too fast Strikes increasing –1912 – 2000 –

Stolypin Prime minister 1905 Tough reformist Assassinated 1911 Land reform: extended loans to peasants so they could buy land from nobles: –Half the peasants had private land in 1915 Increased health service and primary education

The first Duma 1906 The first attempt at an parliamentary democracy Universal suffrage for lower house Tsar had veto Ministers responsible to Tsar First Duma dissolved after ten weeks –Clash over land reform

Later Dumas Second duma- extremes right and left Dissolved after landreform debate Third duma restricted franchise right wing –Obedient to government Fourth Duma conservative but increasingly dissatisfied with the Tsar, not least because of Rasputin This Duma became the basis of the provisional government

Short definition Right –Fees for services –Strengthen business with reduced taxation –Economic freedom –Individualism –Nationalism –Private property Left –Increased velfare –Better working conditions and pay –More equality –Social solutions –More taxes –internationalism

The war effort Why did Russia go to war? –War popular at first. War and the collapse of the regime –Civil authority subordinated to military authority in the war zone. –Zar took command of war effort. –Rasputins influence unpopular. Army badly equipped –Worse armed, worse treated, worse led –Two riffles for every two soldiers –Food shortage and breakdown of communication –Huge desertion – inflation – peasants capture land