COLD WAR CONFLICTS U.S vs. U.S.S.R.

The Cold War Heats Up Section 2 After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. NEXT

Learning Objectives: Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. 2. Summarize the events of the Korean War. 3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country 2 SECTION The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists Versus Communists Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP CHINA: For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

GUIDED READING 1. Which side the United States support, and why? Civil war in China 1. Which side the United States support, and why? China: Nationalists; because they opposed communism

1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism 2 SECTION continued China Becomes a Communist Country Renewed Civil War 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government America Reacts to Communist Takeover U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid NEXT

CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947 After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) Mao established the People’s Republic of China MAO Kai-Shek

GUIDED READING Civil war in China What did the United States do to affect the outcome of the war? China: sent the Nationalists billions of dollars in military equipment and supplies; tried to negotiate an end to the war

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – What factors led to the Communist takeover in China? The Nationalist were corrupt and non-supportive of the peasants. The communist had strong leadership, and they worked to win peasant support.

AMERICA STUNNED The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing

GUIDED READING Civil war in China How did the American public react to that outcome, and why? China: with shock, anger, and fear; Americans couldn't believe that the policy of containment had failed and demanded explanations from the government.

The Korean War A Divided Country North Korea Attacks South Korea 2 SECTION The Korean War A Divided Country • 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea • North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. • Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea founded North Korea Attacks South Korea 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces NEXT

KOREAN WAR Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945 As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets Japanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered to the Americans As in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea) Soviet controlled U.S. controlled

NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South Korea Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea

MACARTHUR’S COUNTERATTACK At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable However, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops Many North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38th parallel

INCHON LANDING

GUIDED READING 1. Which side the United States support, and why? Civil war in Korea 1. Which side the United States support, and why? Korea: South Korea; because it was democratic and North Korea was Communist

B – How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II? North Korea surrendered to the Soviets. South Korea surrendered to the United States. Two separate countries emerged; North Korea and South Korea

CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America

GUIDED READING Civil war in Korea What did the United States do to affect the outcome of the war? Korea: provided naval and air support; sent troops; went to war

C – How did the involvement of communist China affect the Korean War? Just as UN forces had overtaken North Korea, the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea and pushed the UN troops southward.

The United States Fights in Korea 2 SECTION The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur’s Counterattack North Korea drives south, captures Seoul UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north The Chinese Fight Back China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul Fighting continues for 2 more years Continued . . . NEXT

GUIDED READING What was the outcome of the war? Civil war in Korea What was the outcome of the war? Korea: stalemate; Korea remained two nations divided by a demilitarized zone; the United States lost 54,000 American live and spent $67 billion.

MacArthur Wins!

MacArthur Recommends Attacking China 2 SECTION continued The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel MacArthur Versus Truman MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him Public outraged over hero’s dismissal Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right Continued . . . NEXT

MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities President Truman rejected the General’s requests

Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his general On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade

D – How did Truman and MacArthur differ over strategy in the Korean War? MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear war against China. Truman wanted to limit the war.

Settling for Stalemate 2 SECTION continued The United States Fights in Korea Settling for Stalemate 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone established Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower NEXT

AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate (38th parallel) America’s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.

GUIDED READING Civil war in Korea How did the American public react to that outcome, and why? Korea: with dismay; the high costs of the unsuccessful war led Americans to reject the Democratic party.