(r )

1878 –1953 Joseph Dzhugashvili Gori, Georgia Peasant – Father Boot maker “Pocky” (Age 7) 1899 expelled from Seminary School 1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia 1904 – Escaped Siberia 1905 met Lenin 1911 editor of Pravda 1917 – Commissar of Nationalities

1878 –1953 “Man of Steel” “Socialism in One Country” General Secretary of the Communist Party (1922) Power – command of bureaucratic and administrative control Admission to the party and promotion within it 10,000 appointments – regional, district, city, and town party secretaries

“WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS” - Stalin

Lev Davidovich Bronshtein Trotsky (1879 – 1940) Commissar for War Leader of the Red Army “Permanent Revolution” World Revolution Left wing Bolsheviks 1927 expelled from the Communist party 1929 exiled from Russia

Revokes the NEP Five-Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization “Collectivization” - Agricultural “Revolution from above” Cultural Revolution Worker/Police State Totalitarian Dictatorship Cult of Personality

5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many Economic, social, and political revolution Rapid Industrialization Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic) Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation Economic Growth – Heavy Industry 111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric production Increased output – higher wages, better housing 2 nd only to the U.S

25 million migrated to cities Production = – 4x’s Hired Foreign Engineers Unemployment unknown Women worked in factories Personal Advancement – incentives, pensions, education, medical services

Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons Coal output 36 to 128 million tons Production of capital goods and armaments Quadrupled production of heavy machinery Doubled oil production Weapons increase tenfold or more Real wages declined 43% b/w Housing and consumer goods declined Human cost?

“WORKER STATE” – right to employment, leisure time, annual paid vacations, social security, old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical and hospital care Labor Conditions? – lateness, absence, fined sent to Labor Camps GULAG

Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps Soviet system of forced labor camps Origins 1917 Revolution Height during the reign of Stalin White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal ( ) – 141 mile canal 100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels created in just 20 months – SUCCESS? Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death” Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations, sleep, and clothing – hour work day

More people passed through the GULAG than the Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still not nearly as well know. WHY? Nazi camps used to “exterminate” GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over one country “trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity 25% “political prisoners” Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport, apartment, and sewage construction

Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929) Agricultural output 25 Million Farmers Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants – peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps, or killed ‘liquidation” of the entire class Artificial famine – 10 million died

Peasants “cursed problem” War against peasants New socialist state 1929 forced consolidation peasant farms = state controlled Kulaks refused – 5 million – liquidated Output identical to 1913

Wide spread famine Ukraine – approximately 6 million died Millions migrated to cities Overcrowding, sewage, housing OUTCOME – Production of food did not increase

“Annihilate the Kulaks as a class!” c. 1929

Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials ( ) – accused of disloyalty – enemies – “Great Terror” Shot 1500 people a day Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders, civilian party members, major party leaders, army officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks

Mid 1930’s Officials, workers, peasants, intellectuals, military Sergei Kirov ( )- #2 man assassinated Millions killed, exiled, sent to labor camps OUTCOME – consolidation of power – new Communists loyal to Stalin

“What role did Stalin play in the history of our country?” POSITIVE 53% NEGATIVE 33% Had difficulty answering the question 14%  2003 – 50 th anniversary of Stalin’s death  BBC World News Service

1878 –1953 Preserved some revolutionary goals No hereditary Czar, no privileged class, improved standard of living New upper class – professionals, factory managers

Single leader Revolutionary transformation Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation Transformation to a better future cannot occur without him Superman Propaganda Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”

“”A single death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic” - STALIN

“Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?” - STALIN

20+ Million Deaths = Starvation, Forced Labor Camps, Purges