Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450-1750-20% of test 4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange Interconnection of western and eastern hemispheres key transformation Technological innovations-transoceanic voyages (caravels, astrolabe, cartography) Global circulation of commodities– new regional markets and financial centers Spread of religion through commerce, as well as migration of peoples Exchange of germs, flora and fauna

Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange Official Chinese maritime activity expanded with Zheng He Portugal, West Africa, Asia, S. America=Global trading empire Spain-Columbus, American empire North Atlantic-fishing and NW passage to Asia European activity in Oceana did not disrupt traditional trade activity there

Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange New Atlantic Trade system Mercantilism Capitalism-Joint Stock Companies Slave Trade Columbian Exchange Colonialism in Americas

Commodities Silver Sugar Slaves Food (potato, corn) Tobacco Domesticated Animals Fur Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later in Europe and the Americas European using chocolate technology from the Aztecs 17th Century

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

Fur Trade – French British, Native Peoples, Russians

Commodities African slave trade Notice the primary destinations

Dissemination of New ideas Religion Christianity Islam-Afroeurasia, split between Sunni and Shia Buddhism within Asia Syncretic-new religions-Vodun, Cults of Saints, Sikhism Science Literature and literacy– Candide, Shakespeare

Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Still predominately agrarian economy globally, but new methods in crop and field rotation as well as new crops Increased proto-industrialization, urbanization and commerce (long distance trade) Challenges to political and social order by peasants and elites, changing status of merchants. Demographic growth New forms of coerced and semi-coerced labor New varieties of ethnic and racial classifications

Peasant Labor intensified Coerced Labor Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Peasant Labor intensified Siberia Cotton Textile in India Silk textile in China Coerced Labor Chattel Slavery Indentured Servitude Encomiendas Mita-adapted by Spanish

Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production New Elites Manchus in China Creoles in Spanish America Urban commercial entrepreneurs in port cities Power Fluctuations Nobility of Europe Japanese daimyo Gender and family restructuring New ethnic and racial classifications-Mestizo, Mulatto, Creole

Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires European empires more maritime than territorial (Indian and Atlantic Oceans) European empires in Americas-settlement Land-based empires of Ming and Qing China, and the Ottomans– supported by tribute and tax-collection systems and characterized by expansion, incorporation of cultural and religious minorities, and imperial power through art. Decline in interior West African empires as coastal societies strengthened (trade w/ Euros)

Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires Rulers consolidated and legitimized power Art-monumental architecture, courtly literature Religion-divine right of kings, Aztec human sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam, Chinese and Confucian rituals Differential Treatment of ethnic and religious groups-Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims, Manchus toward Chinese Use of bureaucracy and military-Chinese civil service exam, salaried samurai in Japan Taxatio

Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires Imperial Authorities used gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade New trading posts in W. Africa (global trade and affected balance of power in W. Africa) Enlarged land empires-Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians Maritime Empires-Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British Competition over trade routes, rivalries between states, and local resistance-Piracy in Caribbean, Thirty Years War, Food riots, peasant uprisings,