Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, Chapter 14 The Latin West,

Objectives Be able to analyze the causes and consequences of Europe’s fourteenth-century demographic disaster. Be able to describe and explain the significance in world history of technological development and urbanization in the Latin West in the later Middle Ages. Understand the ways in which the intellectual developments of the later Middle Ages reflected Westerners’ views of themselves and their relationship to the past. Understand the ways in which the Hundred Years War and the emergence of the “new monarchies” laid the foundations for the modern European state system.

The Later Middle Ages CE European Issues –Muslim invasions –lack of European unity –Black Death –Hundred Years War European Progress –material prosperity –effects of war –‘Latin West’ identity Christianity competition technology / learning

Rural Growth and Crisis Rural Europe –9/10 rural –tough on peasants Serfdom –% of harvest & labor –motivation / inefficiency Women –inferior to men –“image of God is found in man” Farming transition –warming climate –3-field system & harness

Rural Growth and Crisis Populations Issues –equals China by 1300 –Latin growth to east –exceeds farm production climate / war year life span Black Death – CE –death within days –1/3 of Western Europeans –recovery by 1500 CE

Black Death The Black Death

Rural Growth and Crisis Social Result –laborer demand for higher wages bought land with wages –peasant revolts –disappearance of serfdom shift from manor to cities –rise in per capita production overall contraction

Rural Growth and Crisis ‘Industrial Revolution’ borrowed technology –watermills cog in iron metallurgy rise in mining –windmills building booms –stone quarrying Environment –damming of rivers –quarry pits and mines –river pollution –deforestation

Urban Revival Trading Cities –growth of trade and manufacturing after 1200 –N. Italy and Flanders Venice and Genoa Hanseatic League Belguim Italian Trade –Constantinople Black Sea trade –Mongol expansion west far east trade Marco Polo European trading fairs –textile industry

Urban Revival Civic Life –social freedom independent states –adaptation to changing markets (autonomy) –social mobility residents claim freedom –Jewish ‘homeland’ business skills persecution –Christian Church Guilds –trade specialists (union) –dominate civic life

Urban Revival Guild Duties –regulate business practices –regulate prices –trained apprentices –women members Jewish discrimination Merchant Bankers –money changing & loans –church and state tithes and war loans –Florence & Augsburg –Jewish money-lenders

Urban Revival Gothic Cathedrals –1140 CE –competition pointed arch flying buttresses –height and light –stained glass Clock –time-keeping China water clock –1st regular use in urban life tower church steeple

The Renaissance Renaissance –“rebirth” in N. Italy –12th century urban renewal universities intellectual and artistic Scholarship –ancient Greek and Arabic S. Italy, Sicily, & Toledo –Jewish translation –monasteries Dominicans / Franciscans –modern universities degree granting

The Renaissance Universities –80 by 1500 CE Oxford and Cambridge –often formed by guilds apprentice master / doctor –Latin fluidity of movement –specialty medicine, law, theology “queen of the sciences” scholasticism –synthesis of philosophy with Biblical truth Summa Theologica

The Renaissance Literature –‘The Divine Comedy’ Dante Alighieri –‘Canterbury Tales” Geoffery Chaucer vernacular –local or regional language –larger audience humanists –literary movement philosophy and ethics –Greco-Roman classical themes –reforming of secondary education

The Renaissance Humanists –mastering of Greek and Latin Vatican Library corrections of copyists Printing –movable type –new ink –printing press Johann Gutenberg Gutenberg Bible –rise in literacy –access to ancient texts

The Renaissance Artistic Influence style –replace stiff w/ natural –identifiable emotions technology –linseed oil subject –mythical tales –everyday life patronage –wealthy de’ Medici –prelates Rome as papacy

Political Transformation Monarchs –hereditary –limited treasuries –noble rights Nobles –landed –advise and consent Church –independence Cities –independence –economic influence

Military Transformation Technology –crossbow metal-tipped arrows professional position –firearm Papal / Monarch Politics –Pope Boniface papal bull of 1302 –King Philip IV Avignon (1309) loss of papal neutrality –Great Schism CE rival papal claimants

The Great Schism

Royal Authority France –King Louis IX royal courts; bypass noble consent –King Philip IV creates 3rd estate: weaken nobles/church England –King John ‘Softsword’ Magna Carta –subject to law –nobleman rights –Church independence State boundaries

Hundred Years War – CE –marriage alliances –French king and vassals Edward III military influences –French crossbowmen –English longbowmen –cannon fire Battle of Agincourt –Joan of Arc Battle of Orleans truce

Hundred Years War

New Monarchies Centralization of Power –British Isles –French nobles knights ‘outgunned’ professional military –nobles, merchants, church ‘National’ Boundaries –incorporation Representative Institutions –England Parliament CE –France Estates General

Iberian Unification Reconquista –Iberia from Muslim rule Toledo Lisbon Cordoba - Seville –expanding Christianity Marriage –Isabella of Castile –Ferdinand of Aragon Granada expulsion –Jews and Muslims