Chapter 3 Oppression and Opportunity in Colonial Society.

Stability in the New England Colonies What factors lead to stability in the New England colonies? Clean water Cool climate Mostly came to the new world in families which lessoned the shock to living in the new world.

Results of Stability Rapid Population growth from migration A more stable society Disease spread less frequently Unprecedented increase in human longevity

Commonwealth families As population grows we find an increase in marriage. Households were primarily a place of demanding work. What was the Primary goal in this agrarian society? To clear enough land to feed the family. There was also the hope that any extra could be sold.

Foundations of Colonial life New England was built upon the foundation of? Family How were children educated ? At first were educated by the family They were taught Christianity at an early age and basic chores. As population grew towns were required to build schools based on local taxes

Foundations of Colonial life New England was built upon the foundation of? Family How were children educated ? At first were educated by the family They were taught Christianity at an early age and basic chores. As population grew towns were required to build schools based on local taxes

Women’s roles Women were important to the in the work they did though it was different from men. *Washing *Cooking *Dairying *Gardening

The life of a women in New England Did women have any real rights within New England? Women lacked rights in the following: Political Economic And legal Though women were essential to success of the household they were not afforded many of the same rights as men.

Groups arise in New England As New England began to prosper groups slowly began to form their own social hierarchy *Provincial Gentry *yeomen *indentured servants

Provincial Gentry Well placed individuals that could not be natural rulers in the old world became. Possessed education and wealth. Took on dominant roles and responsibilities Winthrop's, Dudley's, Pynchon's

yeomen which can be considered independent farmers working their own land. Though they did not become rich they were more likely to fall into debt

indentured servants At the bottom There was some ability for upward social and economic mobility

The Chesapeake Bay area

How did life in the Chesapeake bay area differ from New England? Family life: Was not favorable in the development of the Chesapeake bay Colonists generally arrived alone There was in imbalance between men and women *Women that did arrive were indentured servants and lost some reproductive year serving out their terms of service. Child bearing was extremely dangerous in the Chesapeake area.

Chesapeake economics What was the main good that shaped society? Tobacco cultivation was the base for the economy, which perpetuated social inequality. Great planters dominated the area by controlling large estates and labor.(Had titles that could pass from generation to generation) Labor consisted of indentured servants and slaves. Freeman former servants formed the largest class. Cities and towns were slow to develop. Sumprty laws tried to keep class distinctions in place keeping people in lesser classes from wearing fine clothes.

Slavery roots Colonists saw how successful slavery was in the Portuguese colonies. Slavery had died out in the mother country but it was still seen as useful. Bringing slaves in was Primarily based around economics. Originally slave codes were not developed due to it being such a small population. There was no evidence that white planters preferred slaves over indentured servants. Most of the slaves were shipped from Barbados,Brazil and the rest of the Caribbean. Provided by British Companies. Originally Virginia colonies had trouble affording slaves since other countries could pay more. As the slave population grew larger more codes were put in place. South Carolina sixty percent of the population was African American. Many Slaves held onto their cultural heritage speaking Creole.

Extras In time major education centers formed in the colonies, like Cambridge and Harvard both were located in Massachusetts. Though there were social groups in New England land ownership was widespread.

Mercantilism Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country. Founded on the belief that the world’s wealth was sharply limited and therefore, one nation’s gain was another nation’s loss. Each nation’s goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, Which make each nation strong economically and militarily. Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government.

Regulating colonial trade Parliament passed a series of navigation acts which detailed commercial restrictions and set-up the board of trade to oversee colonial affairs and to limit competition. Reforms were: Shipping guide lines, and a list of enumerated goods that could only flow from colonies directly to England. The Navigation acts were attempted to get rid of Dutch competition. Enumerated goods were: tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, and ginger By 1696 the Board of Trade completely managed this issue. New England was known to break these laws the most with their large port cities.

Massachusetts falls on hard times (Part 1 Metacomet) Before his end Winthrop notes that the puritans of his colony seemed to have a great sense of self compared to the England. Prosperity was challenged as the native American leader King Philip or Metacomet declared war on the colony. He was joined by the Narragganst tribe. Over the next yeas the war tribe cost the colony thousands in damages. The colony also incurred deb from Great Britain as they received military support to put down the uprising.

Massachusetts falls on hard times (Part 2 Restructuring) As the colony grew and attracted more people not all of them were puritans. Anglicans another denomination of Christianity began to populate the area, they had close business ties to England only increasing the tension with the Puritans.

Massachusetts falls on hard times (Part 2 Restructuring) King James felt representative government were challenges to their authority. Both had tried to strip parliament in the past. Since Massachusetts had a representative government Charles decided to restructure the colony. Charles ended the charter of puritan colony and placed under dominion of England. Charles selected Edmund Andros to lead the colony. He did so like a tyrant.

Glorious revolution James the second was eventually removed from power non violently by William and Mary. Thank The colony regained it’s charter due to the tireless efforts of Cotton Mather's The new charter stated that freemen no longer selected their governor only kings could. Election were held for people to make up the General court, this group chose people to represent an upper council that could veto the governors ideas.

Salem As these events occurred the Salem witch trials occurred. Mostly under the belief that the colonies troubles were based on witchcraft. Many of the people making accusations had much to gain in claiming land from those who had been killed in the trials.

Colonial Factions and Political Revolt In the second half of the seventeenth century, several of the colonies experienced instability as local gentry split into factions Virginia Bacon’s Rebellion: Stemmed from economic depression and political repression in the Virginia colony. Nathaniel Bacon capitalized on this rural unrest in leading an unsucessful rebellion against the government of Lord William Berkeley.

Leissler’s Rebellion. Similar to Bacon but in Maryland, Leissler was successful merchant who hated the Dutch. Upon hearing about the Glorious revolution he lead a revolution of his own. Leisler seized local fort in the name of William and Mary, but achieved no political strength. He was later removed and killed by English official for not surrendering.