What are the problems occurring in modern Africa?

Genocide in Darfur

CIVIL WAR CONGO

AIDS

Food Shortages

Political & Economic Turmoil

Essential Questions What has been the impact of European colonization on Africa? What is the legacy of colonialism on Africa today?

Africa Regions

Africa Vegetation

African Trade

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

Industrial Revolution ECONOMIC Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods Political Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Pop. Exploratory Humanitarian Reasons European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

European Explorers in Africa Europeans venture into the interior of Africa

Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Dr. David Livingstone Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley

European Explorations in mid-19c:

What is the Source of the Nile? John Speke Sir Richard Burton

Africa 1875

Missionaries follow Explorers

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

King Leopold of Belgium hires Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin He dreamed of conquest and profit Influenced other nations to “scramble” for the Congo

The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r – 1909)

Leopold brutally exploits the riches of the Congo Copper, rubber & ivory

Harvesting Rubber Workers were savagely beaten and forced to work for almost no wages

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Leopold’s Conscience??

Leopold if forced to turn over his colony to the Belgian government becomes the Belgian Congo

The Berlin Conference Conference called to avoid bloodshed over the Congo Free State & other claims to Africa No Africans were invited Recognized Leopold’s claims to the Congo--but called for free trade on Congo & Niger rivers Could not claim territory w/out a gov’t office set up in the territory Recognized German and British claims to East Africa, while Portugal received Mozambique. European’s partition almost entire continent Redrew map of Africa with little regard for traditional patterns of settlement or ethnic boundaries

Berlin Conference of Another point of view? 

Berlin Conference of

European Colonization/Decolonization Patterns Berlin Conference of

France Extends its Influence 1830 invasion of Algeria

Britain’s territory is more scattered

British Clash with the Boers in South Africa Boers are descendents of Dutch settlers

The Great Trek, Afrikaners Boers fled British rule

Diamonds found in South Africa Raw Diamonds

The Struggle for South Africa The Boer War Bitter guerrilla fighting British win, but with great losses Creation of the Union of South Africa (1910) System of complete racial segregation until 1993

The Boer War: The Boers The British

A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

Cecil Rhodes ( ) Diamond & gold miner Supported British imperialism in Africa Had entire British colony named after him Rhodesia now Zimbabwe Promoted the policy of racial segregation

African’s Resist Imperialism Samori Toure Fought French in W. Africa Yaa Asantewaa Fought British in Asante war Nehanda Fought British in Zimbabwe Shaka Zulu Fought the Boers Menelik II Ejected Italian invaders

Africa in 1914