1 Unit 7: Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global History II Review

2 Cold War Europe Divided –West Europe/ Germany (Pro Democracy) –East Europe/ Germany (Communist) –Iron Curtain/ Berlin Wall Germany and Japan Rebuild –Democracy comes to West Germany –Germany learned lessons from Holocaust –Japan adopts Constitution (Democracy)

3 Cold War Superpowers (USA vs. USSR) Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan –Economic and military plans to assist European nations sympathetic to democracy NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Nations –Defensive alliances formed (Dem/ Com) –North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Dem) –Warsaw Pact (Communists)

4 Cold War Events of the Cold War across World –Hungarian Revolt (1956) Nationalist Revolt put down by Soviet Troops –Czechoslovakia (1968) Soviets used force again to suppress rebellion –Arms Race between nations (Nuclear as well) –Space Race (Sputnik and race to the moon) –Korean War (1950) Ended with N & S Koreas –Vietnam War (1960s-70s) Communists won

5 Cold War Cold War in the Middle East –Egypt/ USSR vs. Israel/ USA –USA and USSR interest in Iranian Oil fields Cold War in Africa (Congo and Angola) Cold War in Latin America (Cuba) –Fidel Castro turned to Soviets for aide –Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by USA –Cuban Missile Crisis- brink of tensions

6 Cold War Nonaligned Nations –Nations that chose not to join either side –Remained neutral (traded with both sides) –India, Yugoslavia, and many African nations United Nations –Nations aired differences peacefully –Nations voted in blocs supporting USA or USSR

7 Economic Issues Market Economy vs. Command Economy –Market is most similar to capitalism (private) –Command is similar to communism (state) Economies of Developing Nations –Nations with limited resources or without modern industrial economies –Issues: Building industry, improving farming, and controlling population growth –Examples: India, Egypt, Latin America, Africa

8 Economic Issues Economic recovery and cooperation –European nations worked together Common Market and the European Union (Euro$) Japan becomes an economic superpower –Economic reforms and favorable balance of trade have helped economy of Japan OPEC and Oil in the Middle East –Cartel: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls the worlds oil supply (price)

9 Chinese Communist Revolution Communists Rise to Power under Mao –Long March: fought off Nationalist forces –Peasants joined forces with Mao and Reds –Great Leap Forward: created communes –Cultural Revolution: renew loyalty to Marxism Communism under Deng Xiaoping –Four Modernizations: Contact with the West Farming, Industry, Science/Tech, and Defense were all modernized –Tiananmen Square Massacre: Students demanded democratic reforms and were attacked by troops

10 Collapse of European Imperialism Indian Independence and Partition (1947) –Britain gives India independence –Muslims and Hindus clashed/ Pakistan made –Democratic/Parliamentary form of government –Hindu Caste system underwent changes –Status of women drastically improve (leaders) Independent Nations in Africa –Pan-Africanism: Failed attempt to have a unified continent of Africa (like United States)

11 Collapse of European Imperialism Independent Nations in Africa –Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah (Pan-Africanism) –Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta from Britain –Algeria: Fought French for freedom –Africa depends greatly on European trade –Ethnic tensions in Africa Rwanda: Fighting between Hutu and Tutsi tribes South Africa: Ended Apartheid in 1994 (Mandela) Apartheid (legal separation of races)

12 Collapse of European Imperialism Difficulties and Struggles in SEA –Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh fought for freedom from French colonial rule –Vietnam then involved in war (Communists and Nationalists fought for control) –Cambodia: Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot led a reign of terror over the people over million were killed –Myanmar: Former British possession now led by military junta despite elections

13 Conflicts in Middle East Geography (crossroads of the world) –Oil resources has brought tremendous wealth State of Israel creates tensions with Arabs –1947 Israel is created by UN for a Jewish homeland following the Holocaust –Palestinians and Arab-Israeli Wars PLO (Yasir Arafat) used terrorist acts against Israel Camp David Accords: Peace agreement Still tensions and fighting in the area

14 Conflicts in Middle East Iranian Revolution (1979) –1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi westernized Iran –1970s opposition the Shah led by Ayatollah Khomeini and overthrew the government Islamic Fundamentalism rose in ME Issues with Iraq and Saddam Hussein –Iran-Iraq War: 1980 border dispute –Persian Gulf War: 1991 Iraq invaded Kuwait

15 Collapse of Communism (USSR) Cold War Tensions begin to thaw (1970s) –Détente- lessening of tensions –SALT (disarmament talks) Soviets invade Afghanistan and lose Gorbachev brings reforms to USSR –Perestroika: Economic reforms (free market) –Glasnost: Openness to discuss problems

16 Collapse of Communism (USSR) Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991) –Republics broke free of USSR (Baltic lands) Eastern Europe changes to Democracies –Poland: Lech Walesa and Solidarity movement moved toward democracy –Germany is united as one nation (Wall Falls) –Ethnic Tensions surfaced in Balkans Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia broke apart

17 Changes in Latin America Political and social upheavals after WWII Argentina: Juan Peron came to power –Repressive government Nicaragua: Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras for control of country Mexico: Periods of rebellion Panama: Panama Canal important (trade) Catholic Church important in society