The Civil War 1861-1865

Resource Advantages Fighting for their survival: slavery Union Advantages Confederate Advantages Population Industry supported manufacturing Larger railroad network Strong leader in Lincoln Well-organized navy Set up a blockade Fighting for their survival: slavery Strong military leaders like Robert E. Lee War was fought mainly in the South Familiar territory and supplies are closer

Strategies Tire the Union Gain support of Britain and France Confederacy Keep loyal slave states from seceding by not abolishing slavery (MO, KY, MD, DE) The Anaconda Plan: capture capital (Richmond, VA) control the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half blockade southern ports This would squeeze the life out of the Confederacy Tire the Union Gain support of Britain and France Needed cotton from the South Never got their help

Early Battles of the War First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas July 1861 Confederate victory under Stonewall Jackson Shocked the North Union had to replace the Union General with McClellan (who is later replaced) Battle of Shiloh April 1862 an unsuccessful Union attempt to gain control of the Mississippi River

The Monitor vs. The Virginia: both were plated with iron (ironclad) No clear victor but wooden ships are a thing of the past

Second Battle of Bull Run (1862) Southern victory led by General Lee, commander of Confederate Army 18 days later Lee takes his army North, but is intercepted by General George McClellan, General of the US Army

Let’s Review! Which of the following was a Southern advantage? Southerners simply had to defend their land Southern military leaders devised the Anaconda Plan to end the war quickly The South possessed factories and railroad lines Which of the following was an element of the Anaconda Plan? Blockade of Southern ports Capture the capitol, Washington, DC Squeeze the life out of the Union What was revealed by the outcome of the 1st Battle of Bull Run? The Southern army was well trained The North would eventually win The war would not be short What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh? The Confederacy successfully blocked the Union from taking the Mississippi River. The Union made an unsuccessful attempt to gain control of the Missouri River. There is no major significance to the Battle of Shiloh.

Antietam (Sept 1862) The victory necessary for Lincoln to proclaim emancipation Union General had General Lee’s military plan The bloodiest single day of the Civil War Lee retreats but loses less soldiers

Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

African Americans What should the Union do with slaves? Free them?... Lincoln’s suggestion but must wait until a Union victory…Antietam Put them to work? Given the worst jobs Emancipation Proclamation: freed all slaves in states that were still rebelling on Jan 1, 1863 Did NOT apply to loyal slave states Lincoln hoped it would lead to Southern states surrendering Southerners see there will be no negotiations Gives the war a moral cause

African Americans Fight Bravely Union started to recruit freed slaves…fighting for their freedom Gain respect from white men Sometimes given tedious tasks If captured by the Confederacy they would be killed Southern slaves help Union troops as they pass through Food Spies Scouts

Final Turning Points Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman capture Vicksburg, MS (1863) [Remember Anaconda Plan] Vital victory for North  control of the Mississippi River Union could pass through Confederacy Dominate the South

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) General Lee drove back Union forces in PA Union took up strong defensive position After 2 days, Lee unable to break Union lines ordered men to charge at the middle of defense lines Most soldiers were killed Confederates retreated to VA Weakened by death, desertion & hunger 3 day battle Bloodiest battle in American history, > 50,000 dead

Coming to an End Later that year, Gettysburg Address, honoring all those who died in the battle Election of 1864 – Lincoln wins re-election over McClellan Sherman’s March to the Sea Across GA to the Atlantic Coast, 60 miles Destroyed EVERYTHING in their path Burned Atlanta Troops reach sea to re-supply

General Lee knew his army could not continue April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, VA

April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth, southern supporter shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater, “the south will be avenged” Lincoln died the next day in the house across from the theater

Soldiers Life 4 out of 5 Southern men fought Brother s might fight brothers Boring and monotonous Injuries usually led to amputation Malnutrition was always a problem

Women and the War “Angels of the Battlefield” Filled the jobs of men while they fought the war Led to women entering professions that had been off limits Most women were nurses Clara Barton will later form the American Red Cross Start to consider sanitation “Angels of the Battlefield”

Life on the Homefront Could not deal with the economic hardships Confederacy Union Lacked the resources to support troops…mainly shoes Blockade runners were no longer successful Stopped harvesting cotton and went to food crops to feed troops Seized/stole Union goods when able Confederate money is worthless Could not deal with the economic hardships Drop in cotton cultivation hurt industry Income taxes Western lands sold extremely cheap Union started a draft that led to Draft Riots Copperheads condemned Lincoln for war actions and wanted the war to stop Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (holding someone in jail without charging them) to deal with draft dodgers

Let’s Review! What did Sherman’s victory in the siege of Atlanta help to ensure? Jefferson Davis’ reelection Passage of the 13th Amendment Lincoln’s reelection What was the result of Lee’s surrender? The war ended immediately The war continued for several months Jefferson Davis resigned What is the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation? It freed ALL slaves regardless of loyalty to the Union. It had no importance. It created a moral cause that Lincoln needed to maintain support for the war. Why was the surrender of Vicksburg a turning point in the Civil War? It gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy. It marked the surrender of the Confederate capital to Union forces. It was the largest battle ever fought in North America