England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty and Expansion AP US History Chapter 3: England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty and Expansion

Mercantilism Mercantilism is the belief that a nation is only as powerful as their wealth Colonies needed to obtain wealth Gold and silver a measure of that wealth Nations had to control colonies to obtain wealth; several laws addressed this First Navigation Act (1651) Balance of trade Control of what nations and goods could be traded in English and colonial ports Rules on nationality of ship captains and crew Navigation Act of 1660 Only English ships allowed in colonial ports Half of ship crews required to be English Enumerate commodities could only be shipped to England or other English colonies Staple Act of 1663: goods going to the colonies from other nations had to pass through England first

Mercantilism Navigation Acts were unpopular with the colonists Plantation Duty Act of 1673: ship captains paid bond in the colonies promising to deliver goods to England If not, pay taxes that would be owed in England Hoped to eliminate incentive to smuggle Navigation Acts were unpopular with the colonists However, the intended goal of the Acts was achieved Displaced Dutch trade in the Western Hemisphere Gave England a near monopoly over trade

Native Americans and the English Colonies Europeans had an enormous effect on the Native Americans Disease decimated the population European goods became a part of Native culture and life Mostly Puritan missionaries attempted to convert Native Americans, especially in New England Iroquois League: confederation of five tribes, promise to not fight each other Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Also formed an alliance with colonists called the Covenant Chain of Peace in 1677

Native and Colonial Violence However, not all interactions were peaceful; several wars erupted in the colonies amongst the Native Americans and settlers Metacom’s (King Philip’s) War (1675-1676) Pitted New England Puritans against two tribes, the Wampanoags and Narragansetts Brutal fighting Colonists eventually won after enlisting the help of the Mohawks and Mohegans Metacom killed, many followers sold into slavery Virginia’s Indian War (1675) Colonists fight against Doegs and Susquehannocks Disagreement amongst colonists whether to attack or defend Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Led by Nathaniel Bacon, upset over colonial inaction Slaughtered hundreds of innocent Native Americans Arrested for his actions, but forgiven

Crisis in England and the Colonies Glorious Revolution (1688) Overthrow of King James II after he violated laws regarding appointment of Catholics Brought William III and Mary II to power Passed Toleration Act that allowed Protestants (not Catholics) freedom to worship Spread to the colonies as well Salem Witch Trials (1692) 150 people, mostly young girls, accused of witchcraft in Salem, MA Several were executed, but none of the executed confessed 50 confessors were never executed Trials ended when the governor’s wife was accused With all of the religious conflicts in the colonies in the late 1600s, nearly all colonies were converted to royal colonies Guaranteed representative government

An English Empire By the early 1700s, England had a strong empire in the Americas Navigation Act of 1696 Closed loopholes from previous Acts Board of Trade (1696) Advisory in nature in regards to control of trade Act of Union, 1707 United England and Scotland Tremendous effect on Scotland as they benefitted greatly from colonial trade

France and Spain’s American Empires France and Spain were more interested in converting Native Americans, to limited effect Pueblo Revolt (1675-93) Pueblo converts reverted to traditional worship after years of famine and drought Revolt killed thousands of Spaniards and destroyed missions in New Mexico Thousands of Pueblos also killed, eventually submitting to the Spanish once again The French had more success in avoiding conflict, establishing treaties with the Algonquians and Iroquois

Three Warring Empires From 1689-1713, England, France and Spain fought against one another France and Spain fought to survive England fought to expand Ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 Several wars were fought in the years King William’s War (1689-97) Queen Anne’s War (1702-13) The wars impeded population growth in New England and the Carolinas However, settlers began moving west in Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland