World War I and the Red Scare

Research Assignment > Grading of the First Draft Pass (A) - you’ve submitted a 3-page paper that analyzes images from both phographers Fail (F) - no paper, no images analyzed, or no comparison of two photographers Our comments with also include suggestions for revisions and a grade expressing where you are in terms of the second draft: You’ll see: First draft: Pass Second draft so far: C (just some way to suggest how many revisions you need to make)

Pre-War > Election of 1912 Four candidates: William Taft - incumbent, Republican Woodrow Wilson - surprise candidate, Democrat Teddy Roosevelt - progressive “Bull Moose” party, best showing ever by 3rd party Eugene Debs - socialist, won 6% of the vote - the most votes won by a socialist candidate in US history Stood for different approaches to US politics Taft - laissez-faire Gilded Age politics Wilson - progressivist, pro-small business and competition Roosevelt - militant anti-trust politics Debs - peaceful overthrow of capitalism

Pre-War > Taft at Wilson’s inauguration, 1913

Pre-War > Reasons for US entry into World War I War profits U.S. traded heavily with Britain and France but complied with a British embargo on trading with Germany Anglophilia on the part of leaders like Woodrow Wilson and also among ordinary Americans (but not German or Irish immigrants) Security of loans to Europe The vision of a “liberal democratic world order”: Wilson envisioned trade between equal national partners just as he envisioned a domestic economy made up of small businesses instead of huge trusts

World War I > Black Troops in France, 1918

World War I > US Army Intelligence Test Results

World War I > Typical Question on the IQ test If you are lost in a forest in the daytime, what is the thing to do? A.Hurry to the nearest house you know of B.Look for something to eat C.Use the sun or a compass for a guide George Ade is famous as a A.Baseball player B.Comic artist C.Actor D.Author

World War I > The Poster by the Committee on Public Information

World War I > Some changes made because of the war with Germany Hamburger renamed “liberty stake” Sauerkraut renamed “liberty cabbage” German measles renamed “liberty measles” Wagner and Beethoven performances banned German folk songs cut out of children’s books Schoolbooks revised to show Germany in a bad light Jane Addams denounced for her pacifist views: “The force of the majority was so overwhelming that it seemed not only impossible to hold one’s own against it, but at moments absolutely unnatural, and one secretly yearned to participate in the folly of all mankind.”

World War I > Wartime Restriction of Civil Liberties in US History 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts Civil War: Suspension of Habeas Corpus 1917: The Espionage Act : The Red Scare

World War I > Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, anarchists censored to two years in penitentiary and fined $10,000 each for opposing the draft, July 9, 1917

World War I > Supreme Court Free Speech Cases Charles Schenk v. United States (1919) convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 distributed antiwar pamphlets conviction upheld Oliver Wendell Holmes: “man shouting in a crowded theater,” “clear and present danger” Jacob Abrams v. United States (1919) convicted under the antiwar pamphlets conviction upheld Holmes dissented: “the defendants were deprived of their rights under the constitution of the United States” Benjamin Gitlow v New York (1925) convicted under the New York Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902 called for the overthrow of U.S. government the Court upheld the state law but extended the reach of the First amendment Holmes dissented: “government must show the clear and immediate danger.”

World War I > Cartoon against the Sedition Act, 1920

Suffrage > Men at the National Anti-Suffrace Association Headquaters

Suffrage > Women’s Suffrage Cartoon

Prohibition > Prohibition Cartoon, San Francisco Chronicle, May 1919

Prohibition > Cartoon Announcing the End of Crime Due to Prohibition, 1919

Race Riots > Police “Rescues” a Black Man During the Chicago Race Riot

Strike Wave > The Seattle General Strike

Strike Wave > Steel Workers Announce the Walk-Out, October 4, 1919

Strike Wave > US Steel Corporation Poster Proclaims Victory

Strike Wave > Strike Ballot in Several European Languages, 1919

Strike Wave > New York World Cartoon about the Railroad Strike, April 1919

Red Scare > Literary Digest on the Bombing of Palmer’s Home, June 1919

Red Scare > Police searches suspects in Palmer raids

Red Scare > Chicago Tribune Cartoon on Foreign Radicals, June 1919

Sacco and Vanzetti > Demonstration for Sacco and Vanzetti, Boston, 1925

Sacco and Vanzetti > The Daily Worker Cartoon, 1927

Sacco and Vanzetti > Funeral after the executions, Boston, August 1927