Last minute Phonology questions? Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonology questions? 1

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Exx: 2, 4, 13, 14, 19, 20 due 5/1 Problem Set 3 due 5/6 MIDTERM is Tuesday 5/6!

Morphology Slide 1 Morphology The part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation Lexicon - your mental dictionary - the filing cabinet drawer for how words are put together and what the meanings of these different parts are Word - the smallest free form found in language (it does not have to occur in fixed position with respect to other forms)

Morphology Slide 2 Morphology Morpheme - the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (builder has 2 morphemes: build and -er) Simple words - contain only 1 morpheme Complex words - contain more than 1 morpheme Free morpheme - a morpheme that can be a word by itself Bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element

Morphology Identifying Morphemes Slide 3 Morphology Identifying Morphemes A morpheme can carry info about meaning or function. Haunt cannot be broken down into h + aunt because only aunt has meaning. Bats can be broken down into 2 morphemes: bat + -s (where the 2nd morpheme means more than one). The meanings of individual morphemes should contribute to the overall meaning of the word. pumpkin cannot be broken down into pump + kin because the meaning of pumpkin has nothing to do with that. A morpheme is not the same thing as a syllable. treat = 1 morpheme and 1 syllable; dracula = 1 morpheme and 3 syllables; -s (PLURAL) in English = 1 morpheme and is not even 1 syllable. Often during word formation, changes in pronunciation and/or spelling occur. These do not affect a morpheme’s status as a morpheme. scare + -y = scary (root = scare); scary + -er = scarier (root = scare)

Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes FREE BOUND 2 erase -er eraser 4 Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes FREE BOUND 2 erase -er eraser wicked invalid (A) invalid (N) walked Jack’s reactivation 1 wicked 2 valid in- 1 invalid 2 walk -ed 2 Jack -s 5 act re-, -ive, -ate, -tion

Morphology Practice 5 Morphology Practice How to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings. Mende (Sierra Leone) What is the morpheme meaning ‘the’? -i If [sale] means ‘proverb’, what is the form for ‘the proverb’? [salei] If [kpindii] means ‘the night’, what does [kpindi] mean? ‘night’

Turkish slide - What morphemes mean Morphology Practice 6 Morphology Practice How to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings. Turkish slide - What morphemes mean

Morphology Practice 8

Morphology Practice 8

Morphology Practice Turkish - What is the order of morphemes ROOT 9 Morphology Practice Turkish - What is the order of morphemes ROOT PLURAL POSSESSIVE POSTPOSITION

Morphology Practice Turkish handout - English/Turkish translation 10

Morphology Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme Slide 11 Morphology Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and an English plural has 3 allomorphs - what are they? cats, dogs, horses

Morphology Word structure Slide 12 Morphology Word structure Root - the core of the word and carries the major component of meaning Lexical category - Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), Preposition (P) Affixes - general term for a morpheme that does not have a lexical category, and is always bound Base is the form to which an affix is attached (most cases it is the root)

Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes ROOT ROOT CATEGORY 13 Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes ROOT ROOT CATEGORY WORD CATEGORY 3 kind adjective noun kindnesses amazement dishonest lovelier trees rereads impersonal 2 amaze V N 2 honest A 3 love N A 2 tree N 3 read V 3 person N A

Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Slide 14 Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 1) Identify the root A kindness

Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Slide 15 Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 2) Attach the suffix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A kindness

Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Slide 16 Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindnesses 1) Identify the root A kindnesses

Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Slide 17 Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 2) Attach the 1st affix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A kindnesses

Word trees - (Af) means Affix Morphology Slide 18 Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 3) Attach the 2nd affix to the new base and determine lexical category of the resulting word Af N N A Af kindnesses

Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes Slide 19 Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes Infixes must be morphemes inserted into the root of the word, and not just adding another prefix or suffix to an existing one freakin’ as an infix: abso-freakin-lutely not *absolute-freakin-ly a true English infix? Problems: some words that have an affix no longer allow the root to be a free form - unkempt, inept, overwhelmed - any others? Some words appear to have affixes but are considered one morpheme - receive, submit, permit (still formed with other affixes like they do have affixes though - permission, reception)

Morphology Slide 20 Morphology Derivation - an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from its base (see Table 4.6, p. 119) Complex derivations - when there are multiple affixes Structurally ambiguous words - unlockable Af A Af A V A V Af Af V unlockable unlockable

Morphology Slide 21 Morphology Constraints on derivation - suffix -ant cannot affix to native English words, only borrowed words from Latin (p. 121) Sometimes constraint is phonological - -en can only attach as a suffix to a monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.

Morphology 2 different classes of affixes: Slide 22 Morphology 2 different classes of affixes: Class 1 affix - triggers phonological changes in consonants or vowels of the base (see Table 4.9, p. 127) - stress shifts (not talking about spelling) Class 2 affix - phonologically neutral, having no effect on base or stress of resulting word (see Table 4.10, p. 127) (not talking about spelling) Usually, Class 2 affixes cannot come between Class 1 affixes and the root. *fearlessity, but ok fearlessness, relational, divisiveness

Draw a word tree for lovlier -- How many morphemes? Morphology Practice 23 Morphology Practice Draw a word tree for lovlier -- How many morphemes? N love li er A Af How many morphemes in ugly? uglier? 1 2

Morphology Slide 24 Morphology Inflection - the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts The base that inflectional forms are added to is sometimes called a stem (like root for derivational affixation) This is different from derivation Not all inflection is through affixes

Possessive (genitive) -’s John’s book Verbs Morphology Slide 25 English only has 8 inflectional suffixes! (memorize them)(Table 4.15, p. 132) Nouns Plural -s the books Possessive (genitive) -’s John’s book Verbs 3rd Person Singular (SG) nonpast -s He works hard. Progressive -ing He is working. Past tense -ed He worked yesterday. Past participle -en/-ed He has worked/eaten. Adjectives Comparative -er the smaller one Superlative -est the smallest one

Morphology Slide 26 Morphology There are many irregular forms in English that don’t use the affixation of inflection as discussed. (go + PAST = goed? no, went) Inflection versus Derivation Inflection does not change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to which it is affixed Derivation can change the category and does change the meaning (although still related) (All English prefixes are derivation even though they do not change the lexical category of the word) Derivational affixes have to occur closest to base. neighborhoods but not *neighborshood Inflectional affixes can combine with nearly every possible word (plural -s) but derivational affixes can combine with a more limited set (-ment) (Table 4.16, p. 130)

Morphology Inflection versus Derivation Slide 27 Morphology Inflection versus Derivation Special case of -ing: There are 3 -ing affixes! 1) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Noun - I watched the dancing in the room. 2) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Adjective - The dancing frog 3) Inflecitonal: Verb + -ing = Verb - The frog is dancing

Morphology Slide 28 Morphology Inflection - in English is usually marked with affixes (suffixes) Can also be marked through Internal Change - a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast Ablaut (vowel alterations): sing, sink, drive - sang, sank, drove OR feet and geese from foot and goose - what about dive? Suppletion - replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast to be in English is made up of a few different forms not related to each other through affixation or internal change: is, was, were, are, am, be

Morphology INFLECTION Slide 29 INFLECTION Reduplication - full or partial - the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate a grammatical or semantic contrast See Table 4.19, p. 132 - Do we do this in English? ugly ugly Tone placement - different pitch to indicate different tense (Spanish has an inflectional stress to indicate tense and person - hablo versus habló) Agreement – when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties of another word – number, person (Eng. 3rd Sing Present –s: he speaks Case - is a change in a word’s form to indicate its grammatical role (subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.) He/his/him, I/mine/me Morphology Accusative Genitive

Morphology Slide 30 Morphology Compounding - compound word is the combination of two already existing words The right-most word determines the lexical category of the new compound word (greenhouse is a noun because house is a noun although green is an adjective) - the morpheme that determines the category is called the head Spelling is not consistent with how compounds are represented - high school, high-school, highschool Pronunciation differences between compound and A + N sequence (Table 4.11, p. 124) - blackbird versus black bird Inflectional suffixes can only be added to second form in compound (tense or plural) so drop kicked but not *dropped kick

Morphology Slide 31 Morphology Compounds that you can build the meaning out of the two words are endocentric - steamboat, airplane, bathtub Compounds that you cannot build the meaning out of the two words are exocentric - redhead, redneck (not type of head or neck) See Table 4.13, p. 125 for more examples Compounds in other languages? Any examples? earworm in German

Other morphological phenomena Morphology Slide 32 Morphology Other morphological phenomena Cliticization - clitics must be attached to another word (host) I’m leaving now. - sometimes indicated in English with apostrophe They’re here now French - Jean t’aime Clitics are not like affixes because they belong to their own lexical category (verb, noun, etc.) different from their host

Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes Morphology Slide 33 Morphology Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes Conversions - changing one word from one category to another without the use of affixes (zero derivation) - invalid to invalid (Table 4.22, p. 135) stress shift often occurs in English Clipping - the shortening of a longer form to derive a new form - fax, porn, blog - why blog and not eblog? Blends - blends two words together - smog, brunch, absotively Backformation - reanalysis of possible affix to form backwards the root into a new form (that didn’t really exist) burglar - burgle; editor - edit

Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes Morphology Slide 34 Morphology Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes Acronyms - the pronunciation of letters - scuba, laser, NASA, NATO - not abbreviation which is just pronouncing the letters - LA - if say [la], then acronym – for fun: RAS syndrome Initialism – just pronouncing the string of letters DC, LA Onomatopoeia - words created to sound like the thing they describe - zip, buzz, hiss, sizzle - different words in diff langs for same sound - how does a dog bark in French? Spanish? English? Coinage - the creation of a new word from scratch (not how much a person is worth!) - Teflon, spandex - flig

Identify the word formation process Morphology Practice 35 Morphology Practice Identify the word formation process blending infomercial (to) ship mice chirp healthy demo better he’s headline enthuse conversion inflection (internal change) onomatopoeia derivation clipping inflection (suppletion) cliticization compounding back formation

Morphology Slide 36 Morphology

Morphology Slide 37 Morphology

Morphology Practice 38 Morphology Practice Morphophonemics

Midterm on Tuesday! Have a safe and happy Halloween! 41