OGT TERMS Ohio Graduation Test A Glossary of Terms TERMS 72-81

PRIMARY SOURCE The original records of an event under investigation including: eyewitness reports, records compiled at the time of the event, texts of speeches, reports and letters. Also photographs and video of the actual event. (154)

2008 Question If you wanted to learn what it was like to live in your town during World War II, why would reading a collection of letters written by townspeople during the war be a more credible source of information than a description in a recent history book? A. The letter writers would be free of bias. B. The letters would be easier to understand. C. The letter writers are more likely to be experts on the history of war. D. The letters contain firsthand knowledge of events when they occurred. D

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT A political movement of the early 1900s which sought to correct the abuses of industrialization and to reform government. (31) As a result of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressive reformers sought government regulation of business in order to A. control economic cycles of inflation and recession. B. provide money for public services such as schools and libraries. C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts. D. prevent companies from moving their factories to other countries. C

PROPAGANDA One sided information and ideas spread in order to gain public support for a cause or to damage an opposing cause. (155)

Propaganda: Fact or Opinion? Governor Stone is running for re-election. In a letter to the editor of a local newspaper, a citizen writes: The past four years have been devastating for our state. Governor Stone hasn’t done anything but make speeches and raise money for his next political campaign. The average family has less today than it did four years ago. In another letter, Governor Stone replies: The economy of our state is stronger than it was four years ago. The average family income has increased three percent, after adjustments for inflation. School funding has increased 23 percent. The state repaved 5,000 miles of four-lane highway. If re-elected, you can count on me to continue to improve the quality of life in our state. Governor Stone’s statement could be reliable because A. it was printed in the newspaper. B. Governor Stone is an elected official. C. it contains information that can be verified. D. the original letter writer represents the average family. C

RED SCARE The fear of communism in America in the 1920s leading to the arrest and deportation of radicals and foreigners. (64)

2009 Question Which was a common factor in the United States that caused the Red Scare following World War I and McCarthyism following World War II? A. racial tension in major cities B. signs of economic downturn C. fear of communist expansion D. the counterculture movement C

REGION A geographic area with common characteristics. There are physical, cultural, economic and political regions. (95) The European Union’s objectives include reducing tariffs, promoting a single market, and creating a common currency. Based on these objectives, what type of world region does the European Union primarily represent? A. cultural B. physical C. political D. economic D

2008 Question Use the following table to answer question 18. Population of Europe by Urban and Rural (in millions) Urban Rural Total Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: the 2003 Revision 18. What factor would help explain the changes in the rural population of Europe shown in the table above? A. People have moved from rural to urban areas. B. The overall population of Europe has decreased. C. Birth rates have increased in both urban and rural areas. D. People have immigrated to Europe from other regions of the world. A

2009 Question The term “Latin America” is generally used to describe a unique cultural region which includes all of South America, Central America, and Mexico. What characteristic helps define Latin America as a region? A. Islam is the most widely practiced religion. B. Most countries in this region have command economies. C. Spanish and Portuguese are the most widely spoken languages. D. Most countries in this region are former colonies of France or Italy. C

RELIABLE SOURCE A source well- supported by verifiable facts. (154) The Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the U.S. government, contains statistics gathered by numerous government agencies. Why would the most recent edition of the Statistical Abstract be a more reliable source of information than previous editions? A. The most recent edition would not contain any errors. B. The most recent edition would be less biased than previous editions. C. The most recent edition would be a secondary source of information. D. The most recent edition would contain the most up-to-date information. D

2009 Questions The following is from an article in the newspaper. Funding for state parks has been one of our governor’s top priorities over the last four years. When she entered office, state park funding was at $21 million; this year, the parks’ budget will be over $40 million. Which method enables a citizen to analyze the reliability of this information? A. Visit some state parks. B. Listen to all of the governor’s speeches. C. Read a recent book written by the governor. D. Verify the accuracy of the information presented. A town decides to build a new park. The mayor appoints a committee to review possible designs. After two months, the committee issues a report with its recommendations. Which factor contributes to the credibility of the report? A. the length of the report B. the cost of the report to the city C. the number of tables and charts included D. the qualifications of the committee members D D

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1917) Two successive revolutions that first overthrew the Russian Tsar and then established the world’s first Communist government. (145) 2008 Test Question During World War I, two revolutions took place in Russia while Russia was at war with Germany. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, said: There can be no doubt that our army is absolutely in no condition... to beat back a German offensive successfully.... The excerpt above could be used to support the thesis that A. Lenin had few skills as a military leader. B. Russia shared in the responsibility for World War I. C. Lenin believed that Russia should withdraw from World War I. D. The Bolshevik Revolution had the support of the Russian army. C

Russian Revolution

SOCIAL CONTRACT The theory developed during the Enlightenment that government is based on an agreement between those who govern and those who are governed. (24) Many Latin American nations gained their independence early in the 19th century. The relationship between the people and their government changed. Slavery existed under colonial governments, but some of the new nations, such as Haiti, did not permit slavery. The abolition of slavery was based on Enlightenment ideas of A. liberty as a natural right of man. B. separation of governmental powers. C. personal rights as less important than civil order. D. the authority of absolute monarchs. A

SPACE RACE The rivalry between the Soviet Union and United States in the 1960s to put astronauts into space. (72)

Space Race

SPECIALIZATION The focusing of a nation’s economy on producing what it does best. (121)