Limulus polyphemus (Schaul 2010). Outline Horseshoe Crab Overview Background Physical features Reproduction Nest Sites Life cycle Endangered? Why care?

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Presentation transcript:

Limulus polyphemus (Schaul 2010)

Outline Horseshoe Crab Overview Background Physical features Reproduction Nest Sites Life cycle Endangered? Why care? Important ecologically for migratory birds Production of LAL Bait for commercial harvesting of whelk and eel Future Research?

Background Phylum Arthropoda Dates from Cambrian period Habitat shallow water along North American Atlantic coast Swims with abdominal plates Walks with walking legs Feed at night – worms & small mollusks (Chernoff 2011)

Physical Features Ventral View (CCCMKC 2005) (Skytitles 2010) Dorsal View

Reproduction Needed: High tide Spring/summer season Sexually mature female and male(s) Process: Female buries eggs into sand External fertilization (Query 2008)

Reproduction: Who’s the Daddy? (Brockmann et al. 1994)

Low Tide Location, location, location! Just above mean high tide line Sandy beaches Sloped beaches Nest Sites (ERDG 2009)

Nest Sites- Slope Study (Botton & Loveland 1987) Sloped beaches vs. Flat beaches Similar beaches, except degree of slope 4,300 total stranded horseshoe crabs 20-25% of stranded from sloped beach Blinded/Partially blinded HsC Similar data

Nest Sites- Distance up beach (Penn & Brockmann 1994)

Nest Sites- Tide Depth/Time (Penn & Brockmann 1994)

Life Cycle (Penn & Brockman 1994) Egg 2 to 4 weeks Trilobite larvae 2 weeks Juvenile up to 10 years Adult 19 year life span average (ERDG 2009) (Query 2008)

Endangered? Population numbers decreasing Natural threats Maturation duration Dangers during mating Egg/larval mortality Harvesting Biomedical research & companies Scientific research Bait for fisheries

Why Care? Important ecologically for migratory birds Production of LAL Bait for commercial harvesting of whelk and eel $ Economy $

(Karpanty et al. 2006) (Rizzardi 2009) (Breese 2009)

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) (Blackfang 2011) (Charles River Laboratories2011)

Further Research Population structure Sex structure Limited studies Confined to Delaware Bay Most research on spawning populations (Volz 2008)

Literature Cited Botton, M. L. & R. E. Loveland Orientation of the horseshoe crab, Limulus Polyphemus, on a sandy beach. Biological Bulletin 173(2): Brockmann, H.J Mating behavior of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Behaviour 114(1/4): Brockmann, H.J., T. Colson, W. Potts Sperm competition in horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35(3): Coursey, Y., N. Ahmad, B.M. McGee, N. Steimel, M. Kimble Amebocyte production begins at stage 18 during embryogenesis in Limulus polyphemus. Biological Bulletin 204(1): DNR Horseshoe crabs: a living fossil. Maryland Departments of Natural Resources. Available: (June 2011). Hickman, C.P., L.S. Roberts, S.L. Keen, A. Larson, D.J. Eisenhour Animal diversity, 4 th Edition. McGraw Hill, Boston. Karpanty, S. M., J.D. Fraser, J. Berkson, L. J. Niles, A. Dey, E.P. Smith Horseshoe crab eggs determine red knot distribution in Delaware Bay. The Journal of Wildlife Management 70(6): Penn, D. & H.J. Brockmann Nest-site selection in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Biological Bulletin 187(3): Rizzardi, K With red knots on the candidate list, third circuit declares emergency listing dispute moot. ESA BLAWG. Available: (June 2011). Rutecki, D., R.H. Carmichael, I. Valiela Magnitude of harvest of Atlantic horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in Pleasant Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 27(2): Sekiguchi, K., H. Seshimo, H. Sugita Post-embryonic development of the horseshoe crab. Biological Bulletin 174(3): Smith, D.R., P.S. Pooler, R.E. Loveland, M.L. Botton, S.F. Michels, R.G. Weber, D.B. Carter Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: interactions with beach characteristics.

Graphics Cited Blackfang Horseshoe Crab blood = $15,000. NG BBS. Available: (June 2011). Breese, G Red Knot feeding on eggs of Horseshoe crabs. Wikipedia. Available: (June 2011). CCCMKC Horseshoe crab menu. Available: kph/Fossil/Horseshoe%20crab%20menu.htm. (June 2011). kph/Fossil/Horseshoe%20crab%20menu.htm Charles River Laboratories Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) facts and figures. Available: html. (June 2011). html Chernoff, D Shoreline. Available: (May 2011). ERDG The Horseshoe Crab. Ecological Research & Developmental Group. Available: (May 2011) Greer, S Horseshoe crabs. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Available: (June 2011).

Photos Cited Rizzardi, K With red knots on the candidate list, third circuit declares emergency listing dispute moot. ESA BLAWG. Available: (June 2011). Schaul, J Horseshoe crabs need compassion and help to survive. National Geographic News Watch. Available: mpassion/. (May 2011). mpassion/ Skytitles What types of hermit crabs should be placed in a saltwater aquariums? Zimbio. Available: rmit+Crabs+Placed+Saltwater+Aquariums. (June 2011) rmit+Crabs+Placed+Saltwater+Aquariums Query, S Crash: a tale of two species. Audobon. Available: webExclusives.html. (June 2011) webExclusives.html Volz, M Limulus polyphemus: Atlantic Horseshoe Crab-Habitat. UWLax Organismal Biology. Available: (June 2011).

Questions???? (Greer 2007)