Classification of Living Things Review

total of _______________ in an ecosystem REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY ______________ total of _______________ in an ecosystem ___________ population of organisms that ____________ ____________ and ________ with each other all the living things SPECIES share similar can breed characteristics

Biologists have identified and named over____________________ so far. Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered 2 million species 2-100 million

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species ________________________________ Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance ______________ ____________. BIRD . . . ? helps make sense of relationships An animal with feathers

A good classification system: places organisms in a group ___ _________________________ with other organisms that are similar

A good classification system: Uses names that are ______ Can ______ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

Aristotle’s system PLANTS: ANIMALS: _________ _________ _________ By: Riedell PLANTS: _________ _________ ANIMALS: _________ Based on kind of stem Based on where they lived

Common names can vary Example: ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal mountain lion puma catamount cougar By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism universally accepted scientific name

Common names vary ________ (English) Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (______) Tamia (______) Ardilla listada (______) Chipmunk German Italian Spanish

Common names can be misleading Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is! jellyFISH seaHORSE Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______! plant animal

Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, ________ refers to a ____ BUZZARD hawk In the United States, ________ refers to a ______. BUZZARD vulture

By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek

Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics.

________________ comes to the rescue! Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778)

Linnaeus’s System TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________ The practice of assigning each organism a two part scientific name = _____________________________ TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1st name = _______________ Always capitalized GENUS NAME SPECIES NAME 2nd name = _________________ Always lower case UNDERLINED Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = ______________________ GENUS = _____ Ursus Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis unique to each kind of bear

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________. MATE characteristics

BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

dolphin Should a ______ be grouped with ____ because it ___ __________________? OR with _______ because it _______________________ for its young? fish has fins and lives in water mammals breathes air and makes milk

Look at these 3 organisms: BARNACLE LIMPET CRAB

Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and _______ together in a group and ____ in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! limpets barnacles crabs

Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE CRAB Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.

Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.

Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________. LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________ MOLLUSKS MOLLUSKS

BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________ CRUSTACEANS

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on ____________________________. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth. physical similarities and differences DNA and RNA

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the _______ ____. _______________ can be used to help determine __________ and ________ __________ between organisms. molecular level Similarities in DNA classification evolutionary relationships

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. MYOSIN

Most distantly-related Most closely-related to humans Most distantly-related to humans

evolutionary relationships how species have changed Similarities in DNA can be used to help show ____________________ and ____________________. evolutionary relationships how species have changed African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family.

American vultures have a peculiar behavior American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

recent common ancestor DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures recent common ancestor African vulture American vulture Stork