Ecology Review

Part 1-Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that shapes an ecosystem Ex- climate, rocks, soil, viruses Biological influence on organisms with in an ecosystem Ex- plants, animal, fungi, bacteria, protista

Practice Question 1 How are viruses different from living organisms? Viruses contain no proteins. Viruses have no DNA or RNA. Viruses can be killed by antibiotics. Viruses use host cell parts to reproduce. ANSWER: D

Part 2-Biome Characteristics

Practice Question 2 Imagine that a city located in a desert environment has grown significantly over the last few decades. Which statement best describes how the growth of the metropolitan city would impact the desert environment in the area? Biodiversity would decrease in the area but increase in the desert beyond the city. By destroying habitat to build homes and highways, the growth of the city would decrease the biodiversity in the desert. The growth of the city would have little impact on the environment, because few animals likely lived there before growth happened. By bringing in water, the growth of the city would improve the entire desert environment and increase the biodiversity. ANSWER: B

Part 3- Feeding Relationship Autotroph/Producer-organism that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals Heterotroph/Consumer- organism that relies on other organism for energy Herbivore- organisms that obtain energy by consuming plants Carnivore- organisms that obtain energy by consuming animals Omnivore- Organisms that obtain energy by consuming both plants and animals Decomposer- Organisms that break down and obtain energy from organic matter

Practice Question 3 The Yellowstone area contains organisms representing all trophic levels, including plants, algae, moss, fungi, blue jays, fish, and grizzly bears. Which sequence best represents the transfer of energy through Yellowstone trophic levels? Fungi to moss to algae to fish Blue jay to moss to fungi to plant Algae to fish to grizzly bear to fungi Plant to blue jay to algae to grizzly bear ANSWER: C

Part 4- Levels of Organization

Practice Question 4 The graph shows the English sparrow population in an area over several years. In 1988, a large shopping mall was built in the area where the sparrows lived. According to the information in the graph, how did this affect the sparrow population over a period of time? The population increased because humans fed the sparrows The sparrow population was unaffected by the shopping mall. The population increased because predators were removed. The sparrow population decreased because of habitat destruction. ANSWER: D

Part 5- Food Chains Food Chain- is a series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Arrows represent the flow of energy.

Practice Question 5 Kerry drew the following food chain in her science notebook. plants grasshoppers rats owls How would the grasshoppers be classified in this food chain? A Producer B Primary consumer C Tertiary consumer D Secondary consumer ANSWER: B

Part 6- Food Webs Food web- network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Practice Question 6 The food web above represents the interactions between organisms in a salt marsh ecosystem and organisms in an old field ecosystem. Which of the following is the correct flow of energy? The crab gets energy from eating plants. The heron gets energy from eating plants. The crab gets energy from eating the heron. The heron gets energy from eating the crab. ANSWER: D

Part 7- Ecological Pyrimids Numbers Energy Biomass

Practice Question 7 The diagram above is an energy pyramid. In what level is there the least energy available? The level that contains rats The level that contains grasses The level that contains the owl The level that contains grasshoppers ANSWER: C

Part 8- Community Interactions Mutualism- both organisms benefit from a relationship Commensalism-One organism benefits from a relationship while the other is not effected Parasitism-one organism lives in/on another (host) and harms it Predation- one organism captures and feeds on another

Practice Question 8 A species of bacteria lives in human intestines. The bacteria get food from the person in whom they live, and the person gets vitamins that the bacteria produce. What kind of relationship do these bacteria and humans have? A Commensalism B Mutualism C Parasitism D Predation ANSWER: B

Part 9- Ecology Terms Sun- Main source of energy of ecosystem Niche- physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how they live Predator/Prey- mechanism of population control in which a population is regulated by a predator Primary Succession- occurs on surfaces where no soil exists Secondary Succession-following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil Adaptation- inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival Habitat-the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

Practice Question 9 After fires destroyed 793,000 acres of aspen and pine forest in Yellowstone National Park in the unusually dry summer of 1988, biologists were able to study the long-term effects of fire on an ecosystem. The biologists found that the soil after the fire was more fertile and soon gave rise to small plants and new pine trees. What ecological process were the biologists observing? Biodiversity Equilibrium Food web energy flow Succession ANSWER: D

Part 10- Cycles Nitrogen Water Carbon The Carbon Cycle is a complex series of processes through which all of the carbon atoms in existence rotate. Two main phase are respiration and Photosynthesis. Carbon is found as CO2 in the air. Nitrogen fixation-converting nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria Denitrification- converting nitrates into nitrogen gas The cycle of water between ocean, atmosphere, and land.

Practice Question 10 Which of the following correctly describes the flow of carbon in the carbon cycle? A Air animals plants B Plants animals air C Air fossil fuels animals D Fossil fuels plants animals ANSWER: B