Decline of Roman Empire- Germanic Barbarians took over and everything fell apart

PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages:

Europe in the 6c

Middle Ages Had roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholic Church, Germanic customsHad roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholic Church, Germanic customs Y?Y? 1)Trade decreased, less $$ 2)Downfall of cities– went to villages 3)Population went from city to Rural (country) 4)Decline of Learning 5)Loss of common language- different dialects

“Clovis” (NC) Who: Warrior king of the FranksWho: Warrior king of the Franks What: conquered part of the Roman Empire & established the Frank kingdom; converted to ChristianityWhat: conquered part of the Roman Empire & established the Frank kingdom; converted to Christianity Where: France, Western EuropeWhere: France, Western Europe When: 496 CEWhen: 496 CE Why: his Frank kingdom replaced the great Roman Empire; his kingdom became what is today FranceWhy: his Frank kingdom replaced the great Roman Empire; his kingdom became what is today France

“Medieval” (NC) Who: Germanic tribesWho: Germanic tribes What: from the latin words for “Middle Age”; time period after Roman EmpireWhat: from the latin words for “Middle Age”; time period after Roman Empire Where: Western EuropeWhere: Western Europe When: When: Why: culture blended Greco-Roman, Germanic, & Christian traditions to make a new civilizationWhy: culture blended Greco-Roman, Germanic, & Christian traditions to make a new civilization

“Franks” Who: Germanic People, ClovisWho: Germanic People, Clovis What: group of people that conquered parts of the Roman EmpireWhat: group of people that conquered parts of the Roman Empire Where: Gaul (France & Switzerland today)Where: Gaul (France & Switzerland today) When: 511When: 511 Why: The leader Clovis converted to Christianity & united all the Franks = made them all Christian; their area & customs eventually became FranceWhy: The leader Clovis converted to Christianity & united all the Franks = made them all Christian; their area & customs eventually became France

“Charles Martel” (NC) Who: leader of Frankish warriorsWho: leader of Frankish warriors What: won the Battle of Tours & stopped Muslims from entering EuropeWhat: won the Battle of Tours & stopped Muslims from entering Europe Where: Gaul, France, Western EuropeWhere: Gaul, France, Western Europe When: 732When: 732 Why: he pushed the Muslims back, out of Europe, which showed God was on the Christians’ side= WE stays ChristianWhy: he pushed the Muslims back, out of Europe, which showed God was on the Christians’ side= WE stays Christian

“Battle of Tours” (NC) Who: Charles Martel, Frankish warriors vs. MuslimWho: Charles Martel, Frankish warriors vs. Muslim What: a battle between Muslims & Christians over control of EuropeWhat: a battle between Muslims & Christians over control of Europe Where: Gaul, France, WEWhere: Gaul, France, WE When: 732When: 732 Why: the Christians pushed the Muslims back= Muslims did not conquer France; made WE ChristianWhy: the Christians pushed the Muslims back= Muslims did not conquer France; made WE Christian

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Charlemagne Who: Charles the Great; grandson of Charles Martel; ruler of FranksWho: Charles the Great; grandson of Charles Martel; ruler of Franks What: built an empire reaching across France, Germany, & ItalyWhat: built an empire reaching across France, Germany, & Italy Where: France, WEWhere: France, WE When: 768-When: 768- Why… on the next slide…Why… on the next slide…

1)Built an empire greater than any known since Rome (Holy Roman Empire); created unified Christian Europe 2)He was crowned HRE by the pope = Pope had more power than a king… will be a prob for a LONG time… 3)Furthered the blending of Germanic, Christian, & Roman traditions 4)Set up strong, efficient gov’ts- ex for ppl after him 5)His death = break up of power & lands = feudalism & diff. countries in Europe

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

The Carolingian Renaissance

European Feudalism Section 2

Feudalism Who: lords, vassals, kings (Europeans)Who: lords, vassals, kings (Europeans) What: decentralized political & economic structure in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lordsWhat: decentralized political & economic structure in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: serve as protection against invaders; system of mutual obligations b/n lords & vassalsWhy: serve as protection against invaders; system of mutual obligations b/n lords & vassals

Vassal Who: lesser lordsWho: lesser lords What: pledged service & loyalty to the greater lord in exchange for protectionWhat: pledged service & loyalty to the greater lord in exchange for protection Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: his service was important to making the new gov’t & econ system (Feudalism) workWhy: his service was important to making the new gov’t & econ system (Feudalism) work

Feudal Contract Who: lords & vassalsWho: lords & vassals What: a pledge of an exchange of land & loyalty for protectionWhat: a pledge of an exchange of land & loyalty for protection Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: the Lord grants “fief” to vassal for protection; the vassal pledges his loyalty to lord & promises military serviceWhy: the Lord grants “fief” to vassal for protection; the vassal pledges his loyalty to lord & promises military service

Fief Who: Lords & VassalsWho: Lords & Vassals What: estate (land) that is granted to the vassal in exchange for his loyaltyWhat: estate (land) that is granted to the vassal in exchange for his loyalty Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: the Vassal would receive land with peasants(serfs) to work it-this exchange was an important part of the Feudal contractWhy: the Vassal would receive land with peasants(serfs) to work it-this exchange was an important part of the Feudal contract

Feudalism- Main Ideas: (for worksheet) Feudalism- a new govt/econ system focused on protection developsFeudalism- a new govt/econ system focused on protection develops Feudal contract promised exchange of land (fief) for loyalty (mutual obligations)Feudal contract promised exchange of land (fief) for loyalty (mutual obligations) Society was structured with king, lord, vassal, serf- relationships were complex- loyalties were confusedSociety was structured with king, lord, vassal, serf- relationships were complex- loyalties were confused

Knight Who: mounted warriorsWho: mounted warriors What: fought for lords in battle in return for land (fief)What: fought for lords in battle in return for land (fief) Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: serf boys sent away to 7, fought in battles for the lord= the protection that Feudal system was based on= without the knight- no protectionWhy: serf boys sent away to 7, fought in battles for the lord= the protection that Feudal system was based on= without the knight- no protection

Tournaments Who: knightsWho: knights What: mock (fake) battlesWhat: mock (fake) battles Where: WEWhere: WE When: MA When: MA Why: this served as entertainment for society; practice for the knights for real battleWhy: this served as entertainment for society; practice for the knights for real battle

Manor Who: Lords & peasants (serfs)Who: Lords & peasants (serfs) What: Lord’s estate, villages & surrounding landsWhat: Lord’s estate, villages & surrounding lands Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: most imp thing to Feudal econ; peasants worked on the manor in return for protection from the lord; Self-sufficientWhy: most imp thing to Feudal econ; peasants worked on the manor in return for protection from the lord; Self-sufficient

Serfs Who: PeasantsWho: Peasants What: not slaves, but bound to lord’s land & couldn’t leave; worked the lord’s landWhat: not slaves, but bound to lord’s land & couldn’t leave; worked the lord’s land Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: worked the land- w/o them the Feudal econ wouldn’t have existed; hard life, disease & hunger = most died by 35; limited dietWhy: worked the land- w/o them the Feudal econ wouldn’t have existed; hard life, disease & hunger = most died by 35; limited diet

The Manor- main ideas (for worksheet) Manor was the lord’s estate, worked by the serf for protection- most imp part of Feudal economyManor was the lord’s estate, worked by the serf for protection- most imp part of Feudal economy Peasants worked the land for the lord, in return they got protection & housing from the lordPeasants worked the land for the lord, in return they got protection & housing from the lord Self-sufficient- produced everything they needed, didn’t need others Self-sufficient- produced everything they needed, didn’t need others Serfs- hard life, died by 35, limited dietSerfs- hard life, died by 35, limited diet

FeudalismFeudalism What: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service - governed Europe during Middle Ages

Pyramid social structure

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval Castle

The Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

Village Church Village Bakery Peasant Home

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

The Power of the Church Section 3

The Power of the Church Weak political gov’ts around EuropeWeak political gov’ts around Europe = Church #1 Center of everyone’s lives in Middle Ages (remember the picture- center of the village)Center of everyone’s lives in Middle Ages (remember the picture- center of the village) Religion: ChristianityReligion: Christianity

Structure of the church Hierarchy of Clergy- just like FeudalismHierarchy of Clergy- just like Feudalism Clergy: religious officialsClergy: religious officials Pope Bishop Priest Nuns/Monks

(Clergy) Why? Served as the unifying force among the people in M.A.– brought people togetherServed as the unifying force among the people in M.A.– brought people together Served as the main contact with the Church and God– aka SalvationServed as the main contact with the Church and God– aka Salvation Administered Sacraments (important Religious ceremonies/rites)Administered Sacraments (important Religious ceremonies/rites) –Ex: Baptism, Marriage, Communion

Sacraments Who: Priests & ChristiansWho: Priests & Christians What: the sacred rights of the churchWhat: the sacred rights of the church Where: WEWhere: WE When: Middle Ages, When: Middle Ages, Why: Christians thought by taking sacraments it would lead them to salvation after death, these guided ppl to be moral (ex. Baptism, marriage, becoming priest)Why: Christians thought by taking sacraments it would lead them to salvation after death, these guided ppl to be moral (ex. Baptism, marriage, becoming priest)

Benedictine Rule Who: Monks & nunsWho: Monks & nuns What: rules that regulated the monastic lives of Monks & nunsWhat: rules that regulated the monastic lives of Monks & nuns Where: monasteries & convents across WEWhere: monasteries & convents across WE When: When: Why: they took vows of obedience, poverty, purity; this told them when/what to doWhy: they took vows of obedience, poverty, purity; this told them when/what to do

Main Idea: The church dominated Medieval life- the people of WE converted to Christianity & anyone who didn’t belong to the church = suspiciousThe church dominated Medieval life- the people of WE converted to Christianity & anyone who didn’t belong to the church = suspicious Role of the Parish Priest: the priest (in charge of local church) practiced Christian rituals & helped put the rituals into everyday lifeRole of the Parish Priest: the priest (in charge of local church) practiced Christian rituals & helped put the rituals into everyday life

Main ideas: The importance of village church: The church was a social center & largest building in the village; supported by tithes, or taxThe importance of village church: The church was a social center & largest building in the village; supported by tithes, or tax Rise of Cathedrals: Bishops manages Cathedrals (larger church);Rise of Cathedrals: Bishops manages Cathedrals (larger church); Church taught ppl men & women were =; In society, women viewed as weak; the church tried to protect women but would punish women more harshlyChurch taught ppl men & women were =; In society, women viewed as weak; the church tried to protect women but would punish women more harshly

Main ideas: Monasteries & Convents: Benedict organized a monastery & developed Benedictine Rule- regulated monks’ livesMonasteries & Convents: Benedict organized a monastery & developed Benedictine Rule- regulated monks’ lives Service & Scholarship: Monasteries provided health & education; kept learning alive; didn’t like women to learnService & Scholarship: Monasteries provided health & education; kept learning alive; didn’t like women to learn Church’s role in society:Church’s role in society:

Secular Who: W. EuropeansWho: W. Europeans What: a worldly force in Medieval Europe; non-religious (ex. Kings, emperor)What: a worldly force in Medieval Europe; non-religious (ex. Kings, emperor) Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: the church was so powerful that it even controlled the Secular life (i.e. Pope was in charge of secular leaders-kings)Why: the church was so powerful that it even controlled the Secular life (i.e. Pope was in charge of secular leaders-kings)

Papal Supremacy Who: Medieval popes What: the Pope had authority of all people (Kings & Emperors included) Where: WE When: Why: the Pope was viewed as a representative of God here on earth; he was higher than anyone else= Pope was #1

Main Idea: The church was the most important thing in life during Middle Ages= Pope was the most important and powerful personThe church was the most important thing in life during Middle Ages= Pope was the most important and powerful person

Canon Law Who: ChristiansWho: Christians What: the church’s body of laws based on religious teachings that Christians had to followWhat: the church’s body of laws based on religious teachings that Christians had to follow Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: governed many aspects of life- wills, marriages, & morals; if you broke these rules- you’d be punishedWhy: governed many aspects of life- wills, marriages, & morals; if you broke these rules- you’d be punished

Excommunication Who: ChristiansWho: Christians What: a punishment Christians received for breaking Canon law- kicked out of the churchWhat: a punishment Christians received for breaking Canon law- kicked out of the church Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: most severe of punishment- you could not receive sacraments or Christian burial = condemned to hell for eternityWhy: most severe of punishment- you could not receive sacraments or Christian burial = condemned to hell for eternity

Interdict Who: powerful noble, ChristianWho: powerful noble, Christian What: a punishment for not obeying Canon law- an order excluding a noble’s entire land/region from the churchWhat: a punishment for not obeying Canon law- an order excluding a noble’s entire land/region from the church Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: if the noble received this- his people couldn’t get sacraments or Christian burial =revolts!Why: if the noble received this- his people couldn’t get sacraments or Christian burial =revolts!

Main idea: Religious authority: Christian church dedicated to God- anyone who broke Canon law = punishment such as excommunication or interdictReligious authority: Christian church dedicated to God- anyone who broke Canon law = punishment such as excommunication or interdict Corruption & Reform: Christians left land & wealth to monasteries – Clergy took this wealth = corrupt = started breaking rules (getting married) = reformCorruption & Reform: Christians left land & wealth to monasteries – Clergy took this wealth = corrupt = started breaking rules (getting married) = reform

Friars Who: MonksWho: Monks What: Monks that did not live in isolated monasteries, they traveled through Europe preaching to the poorWhat: Monks that did not live in isolated monasteries, they traveled through Europe preaching to the poor Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: they had an impact on religion in WE- converted the poor ppl to Christianity = Christianity became most popularWhy: they had an impact on religion in WE- converted the poor ppl to Christianity = Christianity became most popular

St. Francis of Assisi Who: wealthy Italian monkWho: wealthy Italian monk What: founded the 1 st order of Friars called the FransiscansWhat: founded the 1 st order of Friars called the Fransiscans Where: WEWhere: WE When: When: Why: devoted himself to preaching the Gospels & teaching through his examples of good works; preached poverty, humility, & love of GodWhy: devoted himself to preaching the Gospels & teaching through his examples of good works; preached poverty, humility, & love of God

Main idea:

Monasteries Who: European ChristiansWho: European Christians What: religious communities where Monks lived; Nuns lived in conventsWhat: religious communities where Monks lived; Nuns lived in convents Where: EuropeWhere: Europe When: Middle Ages When: Middle Ages Why:Why: 1) were Europe’s best educated communities: schools, libraries, copied

A Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

Illuminated Manuscripts

Canon Law Who:Who: What: system of justice- The law of the Church for matters such as marriage & religious practicesWhat: system of justice- The law of the Church for matters such as marriage & religious practices Where:Where: When:When: Why: If you didn’t obey Canon Law, you would be excommunicated or not allowed to take Sacraments = Hell!!!Why: If you didn’t obey Canon Law, you would be excommunicated or not allowed to take Sacraments = Hell!!!

Power: Pope or King? The Pope had #1 power on earth..The Pope had #1 power on earth.. Kings thought they were from God & should have the #1 power…Kings thought they were from God & should have the #1 power… = struggle… Who has the #1 power?= struggle… Who has the #1 power? Examples:Examples: –Charlemagne –Otto

(Power struggle contd) The Church resented Kings/nobles having power over the church..The Church resented Kings/nobles having power over the church.. The Pope BANS Lay Investiture…The Pope BANS Lay Investiture… Irritates King, so King says: “Step down!”Irritates King, so King says: “Step down!” Pope Excommunicates King HenryPope Excommunicates King Henry = The Pope has more power!= The Pope has more power!

Lay Investiture Who: European Kings & the PopeWho: European Kings & the Pope What: Kings & nobles appointed church officialsWhat: Kings & nobles appointed church officials Where: _(you should know these by now…)_____Where: _(you should know these by now…)_____ When: __________When: __________ Why: Kings had power over the church = the Church/Pope gets mad = Pope BANS Lay Investiture= King & Pope fightWhy: Kings had power over the church = the Church/Pope gets mad = Pope BANS Lay Investiture= King & Pope fight

Concordat of Worms Who: Pope & KingsWho: Pope & Kings What: agreement b.n Pope & Kings thatWhat: agreement b.n Pope & Kings that Where: Worms, GermanyWhere: Worms, Germany When: 1122 CE (Middle Ages)When: 1122 CE (Middle Ages) Why:Why:

DON’T FORGET to do these cards that aren’t here… Carolingian DynastyCarolingian Dynasty LordLord FiefFief VassalVassal KnightsKnights SerfSerf ManorManor ChivalryChivalry

The Power of the Medieval Church  bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.  the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.  tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat.  curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition  tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.  Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

Romanesque Architectural Style e Rounded Arches. e Barrel vaults. e Thick walls. e Darker, simplistic interiors. e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.