Plants

LT 1. Contrast primary and secondary plant growth.

1. Fill out the following information on plant growth: Type of growth Describe this type of growth. Where does it happen? What tissues are involved in the growth? Primary Secondary

2. A 2 nd grader carved a heart into a tree with the initials of a boy she liked. She carved it 3 feet off the ground. As a high school senior, she comes back and sees the heart. How far off the ground is the heart now? Justify your answer.

LT 2. Explain the how water travels in xylem.

Its importance Cohesion of water Trachids and Vessel Elements are lined with hydrophilic cellulose and have pits that increase surface area Adhesion Stomata Transpiration 6. The transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism describes the primary way water is transported through xylem. Explain how each of the following is important in this process.

7. To remember how water travels through plants, you can remember that plants drink water through a straw. a. How is xylem like a straw? b. How is the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism similar to the method people use to drink through a straw?

LT 3. Describe ways that the environment can affect the rate of transpiration.

Environmental condition ↑ or ↓ Justification Heat Humidity Windy Dark 8. Will each of these speed up or slow down the rate of transpiration? Justify your answer.

LT 4. Describe how guard cells open and close.

9. Plants often pair active and passive transport to get a final effect. This is the case in the opening and closing of stomata. For the picture below, label the arrows with what happens to make the guard cells open and close the stomata. Be sure to distinguish what is being actively transported and what is being passively transported.

LT 5. Describe the adaptive value of root hairs.

3. What are root hairs? What is their function? 4. If a plant had a defect that kept it from producing root hairs, how would this effect the fitness of the plant? 5. Explain how active and passive transport are involved in root pressure. Active: Passive:

LT 6. Explain the process involved in pressure flow including the roles of passive and active transport.

10. Xylem sap always moves up, but phloem sap always moves from the ____________________________ to the ____________________________.

SeasonSourceSink Summer Spring 11. In a summer with long sunny days, where would the source be in a plant? What would 2 sinks be? In the spring when a tulip is starting to emerge from the ground, where is its source and where is its sink?

At the SourceAt the Sink Active transport causes Passive Transport 12. Describe the active and passive transport at the source and at the sink that causes pressure flow through the phloem. For each type of transport, what is moving and where is it coming from and going to?

LT 7. Explain the symbiotic relationships plants can have with other organisms to aide in their nutrition.

RelationshipBenefit to plant Other organism Involved Benefit to other organism Mycorrhizae Nodules on the roots of Legumes 13. For each of the following mutualistic relationships, explain the benefit to the plant and the benefit to the other organism.

LT 8. Describe ways plants respond to their environment including phototropism and gravitotropism.

TropismDescribe itHow does this happen? Phototropism Gravitropism 17. Plants respond to stimuli like all other living things. Fill in the following table about 2 ways plants respond t stimuli

LT 9. Name the major categories of plant hormones and their primary functions.

Type of HormoneFunctionsWay to Remember Other Key information Apical Dominance, Phototropism, Gravitotropism, Cell Elongation Stimulates cell division Cell division is Cytokinesis Germination Their name and Germination start with G Inhibits growth, closes stoma, keeps dormant, stress hormone Fruit ripening Only hormone that is a gas 14. Fill in the following table about major categories of plant hormones.

LT 10. Explain how plant hormones illustrate positive and negative feedback systems (e.g. ethylene, gibberellins).

15. Explain how gibberellins show negative feedback. 16. Explain how ethylene is an example of a positive feedback loop.

LT 11. Explain how plants demonstrate photoperiodism in flowering.

Example Is it a short day or a long day plant? Environmental stimulus that triggers flowering How does a flash of light in the middle of the night affect flowering? Tulip Monk's Hood 18. Tulips are some of the first flowers to bloom in the spring and monk's hood is a flower that does not bloom until September. Answer the following about each of these examples.