Review for Quiz 10 mins

Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750 Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750

I. Culture and Ideas Religious Reformation 1. Causes for Discontent with Church Secular interest of Pope - Elaborate court - Directly ruled lands in Italy Abuses - Buying and selling of religious offices Church officials holding many offices at once Church positions became opportunities for wealth and power Belief priest, monks and nuns were profiting from their positions - exploiting the people - offering little moral leadership Mass and Bible in Latin - The majority of Europeans could not understand mass or read the Bible

I. Culture and Ideas 2. Debt In the 16th and 17th centuries Popes became major patrons of the arts St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome) Intended to glorify God, the skill of Renaissance artists, and the papacy Size and scale of the church led to massive debts

Length 730 feet Width 500 feet Height (max) 452 feet

Warm Up: What problems were facing the Catholic Church during the late 15th and early 16th centuries?

I. Culture and Ideas 3. Indulgences Forgiveness for punishment of past sins The Church began to sell indulgences to raise funds Allowed the release deceased relatives from purgatory and go to heaven

I. Culture and Ideas 4. Martin Luther a German monk and scholar Believed that salvation could only be achieved through faith Saw the sale of indulgences as a money making scam

I. Culture and Ideas 5. 95 Theses Luther created a list of objections to the practice of selling indulgences (1519) - Argued that the Pope did not have the authority to forgive past sins Luther was excommunicated from the Church for his challenge to papal authority (1520) Marks the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation

I. Culture and Ideas 6. Lutheranism Supporters of Luther sought to reform the Church Salvation through faith, not good works Christian belief based on the Bible, not the teachings of the Church and Pope “priesthood of all believers”

Warm Up: What was the catalyst of the Reformation in Europe?

I. Culture and Ideas 7. Calvinism Based on the teachings of John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion 1535 - Believed in “predestination” of the soul - Self governing congregations - Simplicity in dress, life and worship

I. Culture and Ideas 8. Spread Protestant ideas spread quickly throughout Europe - Printing Press Luther encouraged the Bible to be translated into vernacular language Germany, Scandinavian countries, England and Scotland

I. Culture and Ideas 9. Political and Social Motivations Rulers saw Protestantism as opportunity for political gain - Seize Church land - Deny authority of the pope, Holy Roman Emperor Peasants & urban laborers defied masters by adopting different faith Avoid paying tithes

I. Culture and Ideas 10. Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) Response of the Catholic Church to Protestant Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs - Supremacy of Pope - Seven Sacraments - Good works Special position of priests

I. Culture and Ideas Creation of new religious order, “Society of Jesus” - Jesuits Educated priests to be able to counter Protestant teaching Became important missionaries overseas

I. Culture and Ideas 11. Wars of Religion Fought over a mixture of religious and secular issues Devastated Europe from 1524-1648

I. Culture and Ideas B. Scientific Revolution Basis Belief that the workings of the universe could be explained through natural causes

I. Culture and Ideas 2. Copernicus Polish monk and mathematician (1473-1543) Heliocentric Solar System The sun, not the earth, is the center of the solar system Planets rotated around the sun in a circular path

I. Culture and Ideas 3. Brahe and Kepler Improved on Copernicus’s model Planets moved in elliptical orbits

I. Culture and Ideas 4. Galileo Built a telescope to observe the heavens Observed heavenly bodies were not perfect - Moon had mountains & valleys - Sun spots Planets had their own moons

I. Culture and Ideas 5. Critics Copernican universe challenged accepted ideas - How could the earth move without producing vibrations that would rip it apart? (Aristotle) - Is the Bible wrong? Book of Joshua claimed the sun stood still for a day - Galileo’s books placed on Index of Forbidden Books by Catholic Church

I. Culture and Ideas 6. Spread Scientific ideas spread throughout Europe Printing Press Robert Boyle (1627-1691) used trial and error approach to study chemistry Royal Society in London (1662) founded to promote knowledge of natural world

I. Culture and Ideas 7. Physics Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Developed mathematical laws that all physical objects obey Concept of gravity

Read: What is Enlightenment? Immanual Kant According to Kant, what is enlightenment? After reading this text, how would you define enlightenment?

I. Culture and Ideas C. The Enlightenment Science and Human Behavior If human reason could discover the laws of nature Then human reason could discover laws that governed human behavior

What triggered the Reformation in Europe? Warm Up: What triggered the Reformation in Europe?

Read: Tolerance by Voltaire According to Voltaire, why is tolerance important? According to Voltaire, why was there so much intolerance in Europe?

Discussion Place What is Enlightenment and Tolerance in a historical context. How might they have been influenced by the events of there times?

I. Culture and Ideas 2. Basic Ideals of the Enlightenment Religious Freedom Society could be improved - Social progress