The Protestant Reformation 1517

The Three Branches of Christianity One Church – The Five Patriarchs 1054 The Great Schism – Filioque, St. Peter, Greek/Latin Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Roman Catholic 1517 – Protestant Reformation

Indulgences Sin Temporal versus eternal punishment Penance Abuse of indulgences Leo X and St. Peter’s Basilica Sixtus IV – indulgences for the dead Tetzel - "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs"

Pre-reformers Jan Hus – Bohemian, protested indulgences, immorality in clergy, burned at stake John Wycliffe – translator of Bible into English

Martin Luther German monk Philip Melancthon 1517 – 95 Theses in Wittenburg Still Catholic Gutenburg’s printing press

John Calvin Moved to Geneva from France Resisted papal authority Set up own society in Geneva No mass, no monasteries, no longer Catholic, no singing except Psalms

The Counter Reformation Oratory of Divine Love 1545 – Council of Trent called by Pope Paul III Monastic reforms, stricter rules Established Jesuits – militant missionaries (Ignatius Loyola) Inquisition – weed out heresies List of heretical texts

Ignatius Loyola Basque knight, mystical experiences Became monk, traveled to Jerusalem Returned during Counter- Reformation Wrote Spiritual Exercises Highly intellectual and ascetic Founded Jesuits – active missionaries

Political dimensions Northern Europe and Scandinavia turned Lutheran Southern, Central and Western Europe remained mainly Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox did not experience a reformation German-speaking lands in HRE were the first battleground Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League 1555 – Peace of Augsburg Only protected Lutherans, not Anabaptists or Calvinists