Last Week III. Lit. of the New Republic ( ) Noah Webster Washington Irving

This Week James Fenimore Cooper Edgar Allan Poe

James Fenimore Cooper Born 1789 in New Jersey Started writing 1820 Lived in New York & Europe Died 1851

James Fenimore Cooper Famous for… 1st major American novelist Conservative Cooperstown, New York (wealthy landowner) Leatherstocking tales Also wrote spy novels, sea novels, works on democracy

Leatherstocking Tales Collection of five novels The Pioneers (1823) The Last of the Mohicans (1826) The Prairie (1827) The Pathfinder (1840) The Deerslayer (1841)

Leatherstocking tales Invention of frontiersman/hero Natty Bumppo Leatherstocking Hawkeye La lounge carabine Motif of ”riding into sunset” Common man as hero

The Last of the Mohicans - characters Leatherstocking Chingachgook Uncas Magua Major Heyward Cora (dark-haired) Alice (blonde) Col. Munro

The Last of the Mohicans – character groupings Heyward + Alice (blonde) Uncas → Cora ← Magua Leatherstocking Chingachgook

Implications of groupings Cultural Relativism Leatherstocking = man between cultures Values Indian & European cultures in their own contexts No mixing of cultures

Implications Miscegenation -No interracial marriages -Death is result -Leatherstocking as symbol of infertility -Indian doomed – hence Uncas is the last

Modern version Reverses role of females Drops Cora’s past Sexualizes frontiersman Prevents intermarriage by killing characters

Original Leatherstocking Daniel Boone ( ) Opened Cumberland Gap Settled Kentucky Published own story 1784 Moved to Missouri National hero at death

Frontiersman Image survives from Daniel Boone to Leatherstocking to Hollywood Western

Lone Rider Loner Rarely talks Never marries Individualist Frontier as borderland

Lone Frontiersman: Interpretations Macho Boy’s hero Individualist Existentialist Sterility Racist

Image of Indians Noble savage vs. Devil

Image of Indians At a little distance in advance stood Uncas, his whole person thrown powerfully into view. The travellers anxiously regarded the upright, flexible figure of the young Mohican, graceful and unrestrained in the attitudes and movements of nature. Though his person was more than usually screened by a green and fringed hunting shirt, like that of the white man, there was no concealment to his dark, glancing, fearful eye, alike terrible and calm; the bold outline of his high haughty features, pure in their native red; or to the dignified elevation of his receding forehead, together with all the finest proportions of a noble head, bared to the generous scalping tuft.

Image of Indians The savage spurned the worthless rags, and perceiving that the shawl had already become a prize to another, his bantering but sullen smile changed to a gleam of ferocity, he dashed the head of the infant against a rock, and cast its quivering remains to her very feet.

Reactions to Cooper Racist images of Indians Unrealistic language –Mark Twain’s ”Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences” International bestseller

Influences on Cooper Sir Walter Scott Historical novels Dichotomies of the Romance (good-bad; light-dark) Typical of era

Lit of the New Republic – The Big Three Washington Irving (short fiction) James F. Cooper (novel) Willam Cullen Bryant (poetry) European forms American environment Historical emphasis

Edgar Allan Poe Born 1809 Raised by foster parents Spent 5 years in school in England Married cousin Published poetry & criticism Died 1849

E.A. Poe Belongs to no region of country Doesn’t strictly fit into categories None of his writings take place in U.S. Suffered from real poverty, not genteel poverty

E.A. Poe - Achievements Reputation suffered at his death Revered in Europe Opinion split in U.S. –Psychological writer, or –”Jingle man”

Misinformation Some caused by friends Some caused by own writings -artist or money- maker? Not a drug addict

Literary work Detective story (”Murders in the Rue Morgue”) Horror tales (Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque) Handful of poems Literary critic (”Philosophy of Composition”)

”The Philosophy of Composition” Written as explanation of ”The Raven” (1845) Articulates theory of short story –Unity of effect –Read at one sitting

The Raven Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door- Only this, and nothing more."

The Raven Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for the lost Lenore- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore- Nameless here for evermore.

The Raven And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door- Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;- This it is, and nothing more."

Major themes Fear of death Death of young woman as beautiful Doppelgänger Collapse of personality Perversity of human nature

Contradictions Chaotic personal life, but writing highly structured. Romantic writer who helped developed the detective story Used realism in gothic scenes (often accused of having horrible taste)

Next time: Literature of the American Renaissance Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville